Motor coordination in relation to weight status and age in primary school children in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.104807Keywords:
body mass index, motor coordination, children, obesity, age factorAbstract
Few studies have assessed the relationship between motor coordination (MC) and body composition in children. This study investigated the relationships among obesity, normal weight, and underweight in 7- to 12-year-old children in Indonesia. The suitability of the Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK3+) as a MC assessment tool was evaluated in 986 primary school children (485 girls, 501 boys) from Riau Province, Indonesia. All children performed four subtests: balance beam, jumping sideways, moving sideways, and eye–hand coordination. Weight status (underweight, normal weight, or obese) was classified according to WHO criteria for children 5–19 years old. Childhood obesity was shown to negatively impact KTK3+ performance (p = 0.001), with some tests affected by physical characteristics and the body’s coordination needs causing the most pronounced body mass index (BMI) effects. Motor quotient (MQ) was strongly related to age. The same MQ was seen in normal-weight children across age groups (p = 0.400). Meanwhile, the MC performance of obese children in the older age group (10–12 years old) was much better than that of the lower age group (7–9 years old) (p = 0.001). We found that motor impairments were present in 17% of normal-weight children and 28.1% of obese children. Our results showed that the differences in MC associated with BMI were more pronounced in older children. While longitudinal studies are needed to solidify these findings, they underscore the importance of prioritizing early motor skill development in obese children to promote their engagement in physical activity.
Keywords: body mass index, motor coordination, children, obesity, age factor
References
Abay, K. A., Ibrahim, H., & Breisinger, C. (2022). Food policies and obesity in low- and middle-income countries. World Development, 151, 105775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105775
Bakhtiar, S., Famelia, R., & Goodway, J. D. (2019). Developing a Motor Skill-Based Curriculum for Preschools and Kindergartens as a Preventive Plan of Children Obesity in Indonesia. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 21(Icsshpe 2019), 106–110.
Bakhtiar, S., Syahputra, R., Putri, L. P., Mardiansyah, A., Atradinal, Hendrayana, A. A., Afrian, H., Mardela, R., & Pion, J. (2023). Sports talent profile of 7-12 years old : Preliminary study of talent identification in Indonesia. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(12), 3167–3177. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.12361
Bardid, F. (2016). Early childhood motor development: Measuring, understanding and promoting motor competence. Ghent University.
Barnett, L. M., Hnatiuk, J. A., Salmon, J., & Hesketh, K. D. (2019). Modifiable factors which predict children’s gross motor competence: A prospective cohort study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0888-0
Brian, A., Bardid, F., Barnett, L. M., Deconinck, F. J. A., Lenoir, M., & Goodway, J. D. (2018). Actual and Perceived Motor Competence Levels of Belgian and United States Preschool Children. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 6(s2), S320–S336. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2016-0071
Brian, A., Pennell, A., Taunton, S., Starrett, A., Howard-Shaughnessy, C., Goodway, J. D., Wadsworth, D., Rudisill, M., & Stodden, D. (2019). Motor Competence Levels and Developmental Delay in Early Childhood: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in the USA. Sports Medicine, 49(10), 1609–1618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01150-5
Castetbon, K., & Andreyeva, T. (2012). Obesity and motor skills among 4 to 6-year-old children in the united states: Nationally-representative surveys. BMC Pediatrics, 12(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-28
Clark, J. E., & Metcalfe, J. S. (2002). The Mountain of Motor Development: A Metaphor. Motor Development: Research and Reviews, 2, 163–190.
Coppens, E., Laureys, F., Mostaert, M., D’Hondt, E., Deconinck, F. J. A., & Lenoir, M. (2021). Validation of a Motor Competence Assessment Tool for Children and Adolescents (KTK3+) With Normative Values for 6- to 19-Year-Olds. Frontiers in Physiology, 12(June). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.652952
D’Hondt, E., Deforche, B., Gentier, I., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Vaeyens, R., Philippaerts, R., & Lenoir, M. (2013). A longitudinal analysis of gross motor coordination in overweight and obese children versus normal-weight peers. International Journal of Obesity, 37(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.55
D’Hondt, Eva, Deforche, B., Vaeyens, R., Vandorpe, B., Vandendriessche, J., Pion, J., Philippaerts, R., de Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Lenoir, M. (2011). Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status and age in 5- to 12-year-old boys and girls: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 6(2–2), e556–e564. https://doi.org/10.3109/17477166.2010.500388
de Niet, M., Platvoet, S. W. J., Hoeboer, J. J. A. A. M., de Witte, A. M. H., de Vries, S. I., & Pion, J. (2021). Agreement Between the KTK3+ Test and the Athletic Skills Track for Classifying the Fundamental Movement Skills Proficiency of 6- to 12-Year-Old Children. Frontiers in Education, 6(March), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.571018
Eldiasty, H. A. E. S., Hassan, A. K., Elhakim, B. E. H. A., & Ahmed, Y. A. R. S. (2023). Impact of a dexterity programme on motor skills and inventiveness in 5–6-year-old children. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(8), 2041–2050. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.08235
Famelia, R., Tsuda, E., Bakhtiar, S., & Goodway, J. D. (2018). Relationships among perceived and actual motor skill competence and physical activity in Indonesian preschoolers. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 6, S403–S423. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2016-0072
Giuriato, M., Biino, V., Bellafiore, M., Battaglia, G., Palma, A., Baldari, C., Guidetti, L., Gallotta, M. C., Schena, F., & Lanza, M. (2021). Gross Motor Coordination: We Have a Problem! A Study With the Körperkoordinations Test für Kinder in Youth (6–13 Years). Frontiers in Pediatrics, 9(December), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.785990
Goodway, J. D., Famelia, R., & Bakhtiar, S. (2017). Future Directions in Physical Education & Sport: Developing Fundamental Motor Competence in the Early Years Is Paramount to Lifelong Physical Activity. Asian Social Science, 44–54. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n5p44
Hanifah, L., Nasrulloh, N., & Sufyan, D. L. (2023). Sedentary Behavior and Lack of Physical Activity among Children in Indonesia. Children, https://doi.org/10.3390/children10081283
Kiphard, E. J., & Schilling, F. (1974). Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder : KTK.
Laukkanen, A., Bardid, F., Lenoir, M., Lopes, V. P., Vasankari, T., Husu, P., & Sääkslahti, A. (2020). Comparison of motor competence in children aged 6-9 years across northern, central, and southern European regions. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 30(2), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13578
Lima, R. A., Bugge, A., Ersbøll, A. K., Stodden, D. F., & Andersen, L. B. (2019). The longitudinal relationship between motor competence and measures of fatness and fitness from childhood into adolescence. Jornal de Pediatria, 95(4), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2018.02.010
Lopes, L., Santos, R., Coelho-E-Silva, M., Draper, C., Mota, J., Jidovtseff, B., Clark, C., Schmidt, M., Morgan, P., Duncan, M., O’Brien, W., Bentsen, P., D’Hondt, E., Houwen, S., Stratton, G., De Martelaer, K., Scheuer, C., Herrmann, C., García-Hermoso, A., Agostinis-Sobrinho, C. (2021). A narrative review of motor competence in children and adolescents: What we know and what we need to find out. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010018
Lopes, V. P., Malina, R. M., Maia, J. A. R., & Rodrigues, L. P. (2018). Body mass index and motor coordination: Non-linear relationships in children 6–10 years. Child: Care, Health and Development, 44(3), 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12557
Lopes, V. P., Stodden, D. F., & Rodrigues, L. P. (2014). Weight status is associated with cross-sectional trajectories of motor co-ordination across childhood. Child: Care, Health and Development, 40(6), 891–899. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12127
Lopes, Vítor Pires, Rodrigues, L. P., Maia, J. A. R., & Malina, R. M. (2011). Motor coordination as predictor of physical activity in childhood. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 21(5), 663–669. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01027.x
Luz, C., Rodrigues, L. P., De Meester, A., & Cordovil, R. (2017). The relationship between motor competence and health-related fitness in children and adolescents. PLoS ONE, 12(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179993
Mardiansyah, A., Syafruddin, M., & Bakhtiar, S. (2023). Assessment of motor competence in Indonesian elementary school children using the Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK3+). Journal of Physical Education & Sport, 23(10), 2632–2641. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.10301
Moreira, J. P. A., Lopes, M. C., Miranda-Júnior, M. V., Valentini, N. C., Lage, G. M., & Albuquerque, M. R. (2019). Körperkoordinationstest Für Kinder (KTK) for Brazilian Children and Adolescents: Factor Analysis, Invariance and Factor Score. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(November), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02524
Nobre, J. N. P., Morais, R. L. D. S., Viegas, Â. A., Fernandes, A. C., Scheidt Figueiredo, P. H., Costa, H. S., Peixoto, M. F. D., de Alcântara, M. A., Mendonça, V. A., & Lacerda, A. C. R. (2023). Factors Associated with Motor Competence in Preschoolers from a Brazilian Urban Area. Child & Youth Care Forum, 52(3), 721–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-022-09708-7
Pion, J. (2015). The Flemish Sports Compass From sports orientation to elite performance prediction. Ghent University, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences (Dissertation)
Rezaei, F., Askari, R., Hamedinia, M., & Pusceddu, M. (2023). Impact of combined aerobic–resistance exercise training without dietary intervention on irisin serum levels in overweight and obese girls. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(10), 2853–2861. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.10326
Ruiz-Pérez, L. M. (2018). Low Competence and Developmental Motor Coordination Problems in Physical Education [Baja competencia y problemas evolutivos de coordinación motriz en Educación Física]. RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Del Deporte, 14(52), 97–100. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=129220095&site=ehost-live
Ružbarská, I. (2020). Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status in 7- to 9-year-old children. Acta Gymnica, 50(3), 105–112. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=147376611&site=ehost-live
Schmutz, E. A., Leeger-Aschmann, C. S., Kakebeeke, T. H., Zysset, A. E., Messerli-Bürgy, N., Stülb, K., Arhab, A., Meyer, A. H., Munsch, S., Puder, J. J., Jenni, O. G., & Kriemler, S. (2020). Motor Competence and Physical Activity in Early Childhood: Stability and Relationship. Frontiers in Public Health, 8(February), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00039
Sgro, F., Quinto, A., Platania, F., & Lipoma, M. (2019). Assessing the impact of a physical education project based on games approach on the actual motor competence of primary school children. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(3), 781–786. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s3111
Sulistiadi, W., Kusuma, D., Amir, V., Tjandrarini, D. H., & Nurjana, M. A. (2023). Growing Up Unequal: Disparities of Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Indonesia’s 514 Districts. Healthcare (Switzerland), 11(9), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091322
Tsuda, E., Goodway, J. D., Famelia, R., & Brian, A. (2020). Relationship Between Fundamental Motor Skill Competence, Perceived Physical Competence and Free-Play Physical Activity in Children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 91(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1646851
Wälti, M., Sallen, J., Adamakis, M., Ennigkeit, F., Gerlach, E., Heim, C., Jidovtseff, B., Kossyva, I., Labudová, J., Masaryková, D., Mombarg, R., De Sousa Morgado, L., Niederkofler, B., Niehues, M., Onofre, M., Pühse, U., Quitério, A., Scheuer, C., Seelig, H., … Herrmann, C. (2022). Basic Motor Competencies of 6- to 8-Year-Old Primary School Children in 10 European Countries: A Cross-Sectional Study on Associations With Age, Sex, Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(April), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804753
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Retos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
