Asimetrías en la fuerza y la potencia de las extremidades inferiores en la selección chilena de balonmano categoría junior
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.111934Palabras clave:
Ciclo de estiramiento-acortamiento, entrenamiento, fuerza explosiva, saltoResumen
Introducción: La asimetría bilateral se define como la diferencia entre el lado derecho e izquierdo o entre las extremidades dominante y no dominante. En los deportes, la naturaleza de las actividades específicas favorece el desarrollo de una extremidad sobre la otra, lo que puede generar desequilibrios musculares asociados a un mayor riesgo de lesiones y disminución del rendimiento.
Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de asimetría en las extremidades inferiores mediante pruebas de capacidad de salto unipodal, considerando la extremidad inferior dominante y su contralateral inferior en saltos previos al lanzamiento en jugadores junior seleccionados chilenos de balonmano.
Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal con 16 atletas masculinos (edad: 19.9 ± 1.6 años; masa corporal: 84.3 ± 8.3 kg; estatura: 183.8 ± 5.3 cm). Se aplicaron cuatro pruebas de salto unipodal: squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ) y salto Abalakov (ABK). Once participantes presentaron dominancia de la extremidad zurda y cinco de la diestra. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las extremidades en altura de salto, fuerza o potencia. Las asimetrías relativas oscilaron entre el 3% y el 17% en ambos grupos.
Discusión: Se identificaron mayores asimetrías en sujetos diestros (>10%) frente a zurdos (<8%), sin impacto significativo en rendimiento. No obstante, se resalta la importancia de monitorear estas diferencias por su relación con el riesgo de lesión.
Conclusiones: La dominancia de una extremidad no garantizó mejores rendimientos respecto a su contraparte. Las diferencias observadas entre extremidades fueron leves y no significativas, indicando que asimetrías naturales inferiores al 10% pueden ser beneficiosas para el deporte de alto rendimiento, al minimizar el riesgo de lesiones y optimizar el rendimiento deportivo.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Fernando Barraza-Gómez, Roberto Garcés-Cariglio, Antonio López-Fuenzalida, Claudio Lira-Mendiguren, Claudio Hinojosa-Torres, Eduardo Báez-San Martín
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