Evaluación del impacto de la composición corporal e indicadores de condición física en la predicción del rendimiento en jóvenes futbolistas

Autores/as

  • Santiago Castro-Infantes
  • Ana Filipa Silva
  • Victor M. Soto Hermoso
  • Jesús Olivares-Jabalera
  • Filipe Manuel Clemente
  • Francisco Tomás González-Fernández

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117113

Palabras clave:

Composición corporal, esprint de 10m, jóvenes futbolistas, rendimiento, VO₂ max

Resumen

Introducción: En el fútbol juvenil, el rendimiento depende de la maduración biológica, la composición corporal y la condición física. Aunque la edad y la maduración influyen en el rendimiento, es necesario profundizar cómo interactúan estos factores.

Objetivo: Examinar la evolución de los indicadores de composición corporal y condición física en deportistas inscritos en una academia de fútbol profesional y explorar las relaciones entre estas variables y los resultados en los test de campo en distintas categorías de edad.

Metodología: Se evaluaron 131 jugadores masculinos de entre 10 y 15 años, distribuidos en tres grupos de edad (U11, U13, U15) y clasificados por nivel del equipo (A, B, C). Se midieron variables antropométricas, salto en contramovimiento (CMJ), un sprint de 10 m, cambio de dirección (prueba 505) y la capacidad aeróbica (Test Yo-Yo de recuperación intermitente nivel 1). El análisis estadístico incluyó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA), comparaciones post-hoc, ANCOVA ajustada por edad y análisis de correlación y regresión. Resultados: Los atletas U15 presentaron porcentajes de grasa corporal significativamente menores y un rendimiento superior en pruebas de potencia explosiva y capacidad aeróbica que los grupos más jóvenes, con tamaños de efecto grandes. Atletas U11 presentaron más grasa corporal y mejores tiempos de sprint. Los análisis post-hoc confirmaron estas diferencias y la ANCOVA mostró que se mantenían tras ajustar por edad. Las correlaciones moderadas entre el salto CMJ y los tiempos de sprint sugieren que una mayor capacidad de salto está relacionada con velocidades de sprint más altas. En U13, el salto CMJ se correlacionó negativamente con VO₂ max, lo que puede indicar una especie de compensación o relación de intercambio. El análisis de regresión identificó el salto CMJ como predictor clave, explicando entre el 44% y 47% de la variabilidad en el rendimiento de sprint. Discusión: Los hallazgos reflejan la compleja relación entre maduración biológica, composición corporal y condición física en futbolistas jóvenes. La potencia, agilidad y capacidad aeróbica mejoran con la edad, aunque persiste variabilidad individual ligada a la maduración. Conclusión: Reconocer estas diferencias es clave para mejorar la detección de talentos y adaptar el entrenamiento. Se requieren estudios longitudinales que profundicen en las trayectorias de desarrollo y optimicen la formación de los atletas.

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Publicado

02-10-2025

Número

Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

Cómo citar

Castro-Infantes, S., Silva, A. F., Soto Hermoso, V. M., Olivares-Jabalera, J., Clemente, F. M., & González-Fernández, F. T. (2025). Evaluación del impacto de la composición corporal e indicadores de condición física en la predicción del rendimiento en jóvenes futbolistas. Retos, 73, 300-313. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117113