Análisis comparativo de las habilidades motoras entre futbolistas masculinos sénior y juveniles: un enfoque multidimensional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117212Palabras clave:
Habilidades motoras, fútbol, madurez biológica, diferenciaResumen
Antecedentes: El fútbol es un deporte que requiere un alto nivel de habilidades técnicas, tácticas y motoras, con especial énfasis en la agilidad, la velocidad, la fuerza explosiva y la flexibilidad. El desarrollo de estas habilidades depende de la madurez biológica, la experiencia de entrenamiento y factores individuales, que afectan el rendimiento del jugador en las diferentes categorías de edad.
Objetivo: El objetivo fue examinar y comparar el nivel de habilidades motoras entre los jugadores del FC GOŠK Gabela (Liga Premier de Bosnia y Herzegovina) en las categorías júnior (sub-19) y sénior (sub-25), centrándose en elementos clave como la agilidad, la velocidad, la fuerza explosiva y repetitiva, así como la flexibilidad.
Método: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 22 jugadores de un mismo club, divididos en dos grupos por categoría de edad: 11 juveniles (U19) (altura = 181,56 ± 5,74 cm; peso = 73,29 ± 6,40 kg; IMC = 22,21 kg/m²) y 11 séniores (U25) (altura = 184,98 ± 5,97 cm; peso = 77,35 ± 5,70 kg; IMC = 22,55 ± 0,38 kg/m²). Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas para analizar los datos, y las diferencias entre los grupos se determinaron mediante una prueba t independiente para muestras pequeñas. La significación estadística se estableció en p < 0,05. También se calcularon la diferencia de medias y los intervalos de confianza del 95% para evaluar la significación y el tamaño del efecto de las diferencias detectadas (d de Cohen).
Resultados: Los adultos mayores obtuvieron resultados significativamente mejores en las pruebas de agilidad (pruebas de Illinois y Zig-Zag) y en la carrera de 60 metros lisos, mientras que las diferencias en otras pruebas fueron estadísticamente insignificantes (p > 0,05). Las diferencias en la fuerza explosiva del tren superior (lanzamiento de balón medicinal) y la flexibilidad no fueron significativas, aunque los adultos mayores mostraron valores promedio ligeramente mejores.
Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos indican que la madurez biológica y una mayor experiencia de entrenamiento influyen significativamente en la mejora de las habilidades motoras, especialmente la agilidad y la velocidad en distancias más largas.
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