Ejercicios con escalera de agilidad en el entrenamiento deportivo: una revisión sistemática multidimensional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v72.117404Palabras clave:
Escalera de agilidad, escaleras elevadas, escaleras inteligentes, pliometría, estudio analíticoResumen
Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo evaluar la efectividad de los ejercicios con escaleras de agilidad —tradicionales, inteligentes, elevadas y de miembros superiores— en diferentes grupos de edad, contextos deportivos y dominios de rendimiento, al tiempo que se identificaron vacíos en la evidencia y prioridades de investigación futura.
Metodología: La revisión siguió las directrices PRISMA 2020 y fue registrada en PROSPERO (ID: 1143436). Se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed, Scopus y Google Scholar (enero 2003–17 septiembre 2025), limitadas a estudios en humanos, en inglés. De 70 registros examinados, se incluyeron 54 estudios empíricos y 14 referencias teóricas analizadas de forma contextual. La extracción de datos se llevó a cabo de manera independiente por pares, con un acuerdo interevaluador sustancial (κ = 0.81). El riesgo de sesgo se evaluó con RoB 2 y JBI, resultando en 21 estudios de bajo riesgo, 19 con algunas preocupaciones y 14 de alto riesgo.
Resultados: La mayoría de los estudios (≈67%) investigaron escaleras tradicionales, mientras que pocos abordaron escaleras inteligentes (n=7), elevadas (n=5) o de miembros superiores (n=3). La evidencia mostró mejoras en agilidad, cambio de dirección, equilibrio y coordinación motora, sobre todo en jóvenes y atletas de deportes colectivos. Solo unos pocos estudios evaluaron marcadores fisiológicos como VO₂, lactato, HRV o EMG, lo que resalta una brecha relevante. La integración con entrenamientos pliométricos o de habilidades produjo beneficios adicionales, aunque la heterogeneidad de protocolos y medidas impidió un metaanálisis.
Conclusiones: La evidencia preliminar sugiere que los ejercicios con escaleras de agilidad son herramientas útiles para mejorar la agilidad, la coordinación y el equilibrio funcional. Sin embargo, la solidez de los hallazgos varía según el tipo de escalera y la población. Se requieren protocolos estandarizados, muestras más diversas y ensayos longitudinales que incluyan resultados fisiológicos para reforzar la base científica disponible.
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