Impacto del dolor, la kinesiofobia y la incapacidad lumbar en los objetivos de intervención del fisioterapeuta
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117542Palabras clave:
Lumbalgia Inespecífica, Incapacidad Funcional, kinesiofobia, Dolor persistente, fisioterapiaResumen
Introducción y Objetivo: El dolor lumbar crónico (DLC) es una de las principales causas de discapacidad a nivel mundial, con una prevalencia creciente atribuida a factores biológicos, psicológicos y sociales. Esta condición compromete la funcionalidad, induce ausentismo laboral y deteriora la calidad de vida. Su naturaleza multifactorial exige un enfoque terapéutico integral desde la fisioterapia, centrado en el modelo biopsicosocial. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los factores asociados a la cronificación del DLC, con énfasis en la discapacidad funcional, identificando variables predictivas como la edad, índice de masa corporal (IMC), intensidad del dolor, dolor a la presión y kinesiofobia.
Metodología: Estudio observacional de tipo trasversal con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado en la provincia de Imbabura, Ecuador, en 2024. Se incluyeron 169 pacientes con lumbalgia crónica. Se aplicaron instrumentos validados: EVA, algometría, IMC, cuestionario Roland-Morris y escala de kinesiofobia de Tampa. Se empleó regresión lineal múltiple para identificar predictores de incapacidad funcional.
Resultados: El 60,4% de los participantes fueron mujeres, con un IMC promedio de 25,4 kg/m². La edad y la kinesiofobia mostraron asociación significativa con la incapacidad funcional (p < 0,05), explicando el 48% de la varianza (R²aj=0,48). El dolor subjetivo y el dolor a la presión presentaron correlaciones leves, sin capacidad predictiva.
Conclusiones: La edad y la kinesiofobia son predictores clave de discapacidad en pacientes con DLC. Se recomienda que el abordaje fisioterapéutico incluya evaluación multidimensional, educación en neurociencia del dolor, ejercicio progresivo y estrategias psicosociales orientadas a mejorar la funcionalidad.
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