Efecto del juego motor con inversión visual inspirado en el HTKS-R sobre la autorregulación y las habilidades motoras en niños en edad preescolar

Autores/as

  • Abdelrahman Ibrahim University of Samarra https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1600-4404
  • Ayad Ghani Jasim University of Samarra
  • Ali Burhan Hawar University of Kirkuk
  • Yasameen Fawzi Ghaeb University of Mosul
  • Mohammed Saleh Khalee Alsamarae University of Samarra

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117771

Palabras clave:

Crecimiento motor en la etapa preescolar, equilibrio, funciones ejecutivas, HTKS-R, saltar

Resumen

Objetivos: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto de la intervención a través del juego motor cognitivamente mejorado, basado en principios de reversión visual, utilizando la versión modificada del Test de Cabeza-Hombros-Rodillas-Pies (HTKS-R), sobre la autorregulación conductual y las habilidades motoras básicas en niños de edad preescolar.

Diseño: En este estudio, sesenta niños con crecimiento típico cuyas edades son (5-6) años. El grupo experimental y un grupo de control. El grupo experimental participó en un programa de intervención que involucró dieciocho sesiones durante seis semanas. Estas sesiones incluían estaciones de juego motor que requieren respuestas inhibitorias a las señales visuales (como la respuesta a un color o forma diferente que es distinto del estímulo). El grupo de control practicó

actividades físicas ordinarias.

Métodos: En la fase metodológica, la autorregulación se evaluó utilizando la escala HTKS-R, mientras que el rendimiento motor se midió mediante la prueba de salto de longitud desde una posición estática y las tareas de equilibrio. El análisis estadístico incluyó la prueba t para muestras relacionadas y el análisis de covarianza (ANCOVA) y el cálculo de los volúmenes de impacto.

Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una mejora estadísticamente significativa en el grupo experimental a través de todas las variables con grandes tamaños de efecto. Además, las comparaciones postest y el análisis de covarianza mostraron una notable superioridad en la autorregulación, el equilibrio y el salto a favor del grupo experimental.

Conclusiones: Los resultados afirman la efectividad de las actividades que integran las funciones ejecutivas con el juego motor para apoyar la autorregulación conductual y las habilidades de saltar y equilibrarse en la etapa de la primera infancia.

Biografía del autor/a

  • Abdelrahman Ibrahim, University of Samarra

    College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences

Referencias

Ahmadi, A., McClelland, M., Pourmohamadreza Tajrishi, M., Geldhof, J., Rothwell, D. W., & Hatfield, B. E. (2025). Adaptation and psychometric properties of the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task in young

Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617–645. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639

Best, J. R. (n.d.). Effects of Physical Activity on Children’s Executive Function: Contributions of Experimental Research on Aerobic Exercise.

Cameron, C. E., Brock, L. L., Hatfield, B. E., Cottone, E. A., Rubinstein, E., LoCasale-Crouch, J., & Grissmer, D. W. (2015). Visuomotor integration and inhibitory control compensate for each other in school readiness. Developmental Psychology, 51(11), 1529–1543. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039740

Cameron, C. E., Brock, L. L., Murrah, W. M., Bell, L. H., Worzalla, S. L., Grissmer, D., & Morrison, F. J. (2012). Fine Motor Skills and Executive Function Both Contribute to Kindergarten Achievement. Child Development, 83(4), 1229–1244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01768.x

Campos, J. J., Anderson, D. I., Barbu-Roth, M. A., Hubbard, E. M., Hertenstein, M. J., & Witherington, D. (2000). Travel Broadens the Mind. http://www.infancyarchives.com.

Capio, C. M., Mendoza, N. B., Jones, R. A., Masters, R. S. W., & Lee, K. (2024). The contributions of motor skill proficiency to cognitive and social development in early childhood. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79538-1

de Greeff, J. W., Bosker, R. J., Oosterlaan, J., Visscher, C., & Hartman, E. (2018). Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis. In Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport (Vol. 21, Issue 5, pp. 501–507). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.595

Diamond, A., & Ling, D. S. (2016). Conclusions about interventions, programs, and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that, despite much hype, do not. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.11.005

Diamond, A., & Ling, D. S. (2019). Aerobic-Exercise and resistance-training interventions have been among the least effective ways to improve executive functions of any method tried thus far. In Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (Vol. 37). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.05.001

Ernst, J., Sobel, D., & Neil, A. (2022). Executive function in early childhood: Harnessing the potential of nature-based practices to elevate and equalize outcomes. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.1011912

Floyer-Lea, A., & Matthews, P. M. (2004). Changing brain networks for visuomotor control with increased movement automaticity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 92(4), 2405–2412. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01092.2003

Gandotra, A., Csaba, S., Sattar, Y., Cserényi, V., Bizonics, R., Cserjesi, R., & Kotyuk, E. (2022). A Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Motor Skills and Executive Functions in Typically-developing Children. Journal of Cognition and Development, 23(1), 83–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2021.1979554

Gandotra, A., Kotyuk, E., Bizonics, R., Khan, I., Petánszki, M., Kiss, L., Paulina, L., & Cserjesi, R. (2023). An exploratory study of the relationship between motor skills and indicators of cognitive and socio-emotional development in preschoolers. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20(1), 50–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2022.2028617

Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive Function in Preschoolers: A Review Using an Integrative Framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 31–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.31

Gonzalez, F. ., Hun, N. ., Aiste, S., Aguilera, C. ., Cardenas, M., & Salazar, M. (2024). Nivel de actividad física en preescolares y escolares chilenos durante la pandemia de covid-19 (Level of physical activity in chilean preschool and school children during the covid-19 pandemic). Retos, 54, 320-327. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v54.102268

Ibrahim, A., AL-Badri, O. F. Y., & Alsamarae, M. S. K. (2019). A comparison of motor intelligence and some basic movements according to the time of daily practice of electronic games and watching television for children (4-6) years. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 22(9). https://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2019.220927

Khomais, S., & Al-Khalidi, N. (2019). Dramatic Play In Relation To Self-Regulation In Preschool Age. In Contemporary Issues in Education Research-Fourth Quarter (Vol. 12, Issue 4).

Kolovelonis, A., Pesce, C., & Goudas, M. (2022). The Effects of a Cognitively Challenging Physical Activity Intervention on School Children’s Executive Functions and Motivational Regulations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912742

Li, S., Song, Y., Zhang, Q., & Wang, Z. (2025). Mediation of executive functions in the relationship between motor skills and psychosocial health in preschool children. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 23(3), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2025.04.002

McClelland, M. M., & Cameron, C. E. (2019). Developing together: The role of executive function and motor skills in children’s early academic lives. In Early Childhood Research Quarterly (Vol. 46, pp. 142–151). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.03.014

McClelland, M. M., Gonzales, C. R., Cameron, C. E., Geldhof, G. J., Bowles, R. P., Nancarrow, A. F., Merculief, A., & Tracy, A. (2021). The Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders Revised: Links to Academic Outcomes and Measures of EF in Young Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721846

McClelland, M. M., Tominey, S. L., Schmitt, S. A., Hatfield, B. E., Purpura, D. J., Gonzales, C. R., & Tracy, A. N. (2019). Red light, purple light! results of an intervention to promote school readiness for children from low-income backgrounds. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(OCT). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02365

Montávez Martín, M., González López, I., & Arribas Peña, A. (2022). Impacto de la Expresión Corporal en las funciones ejecutivas del cerebro (Impact of Corporal Expression on executive functions of the brain). Retos, 45, 462-470. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v45i0.91361

Moriguchi, Y., & Shinohara, I. (2019). Socioeconomic disparity in prefrontal development during early childhood. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39255-6

Pérez-Herráez, I., Valencia-Peris, A., & Peiró Velert, C. (2025). Intervenciones escolares para promover la actividad física desde la educación preescolar hasta la secundaria: Una revisión sistemática. Retos, 63, 128-143. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v63.109098

Pesce, C., Masci, I., Marchetti, R., Vazou, S., Sääkslahti, A., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2016a). Deliberate play and preparation jointly benefit motor and cognitive development: Mediated and moderated effects. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(MAR). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00349

Pesce, C., Masci, I., Marchetti, R., Vazou, S., Sääkslahti, A., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2016b). Deliberate play and preparation jointly benefit motor and cognitive development: Mediated and moderated effects. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(MAR). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00349

Ponitz, C. C., McClelland, M. M., Matthews, J. S., & Morrison, F. J. (2009). A Structured Observation of Behavioral Self-Regulation and Its Contribution to Kindergarten Outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 605–619. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015365

Schmidt, M., Egger, F., Benzing, V., Jäger, K., Conzelmann, A., Roebers, C. M., & Pesce, C. (2017). Disentangling the relationship between children’s motor ability, executive function and academic achievement. PLoS ONE, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182845

Schmitt, S. A., McClelland, M. M., Tominey, S. L., & Acock, A. C. (2015). Strengthening school readiness for Head Start children: Evaluation of a self-regulation intervention. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 30(PA), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.08.001

van der Fels, I. M. J., te Wierike, S. C. M., Hartman, E., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Smith, J., & Visscher, C. (2015). The relationship between motor skills and cognitive skills in 4-16 year old typically developing children: A systematic review. In Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport (Vol. 18, Issue 6, pp. 697–703). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.09.007

Vidal Carulla, C., Christodoulakis, N., & Adbo, K. (2021). Development of preschool children’s executive functions throughout a play-based learning approach that embeds science concepts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020588

Willoughby, M., Hudson, K., Hong, Y., & Wylie, A. (2021). Improvements in Motor Competence Skills Are Associated With Improvements in Executive Function and Math Problem-Solving Skills in Early Childhood. Developmental Psychology, 57(9), 1463–1470. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001223

Wilson, 2002. (n.d.).

Zelazo, P. D., & Carlson, S. M. (2012). Hot and Cool Executive Function in Childhood and Adolescence: Development and Plasticity. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 354–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00246.x

Descargas

Publicado

08-11-2025

Número

Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

Cómo citar

Ibrahim, A., Jasim, A. G., Hawar, A. B., Ghaeb, Y. F., & Alsamarae, M. S. K. (2025). Efecto del juego motor con inversión visual inspirado en el HTKS-R sobre la autorregulación y las habilidades motoras en niños en edad preescolar. Retos, 73, 1145-1155. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117771