Usain Bolt. Um “monstro esperançoso”? Um estudo de caso descritivo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.87563Palavras-chave:
biologia evolucionária; rendimento atlético; genética; epigenéticaResumo
As impressionantes conquistas desportivas de Usain Bolt despertaram admiração em todo o mundo e levantaram a questão da génese de sua excelência desportiva. À luz das várias teorias da evolução, tentamos entender se há bases evolutivas para considerar Usain Bolt um "monstro esperançoso", ou seja, um fenótipo transgressivo além da faixa de fenótipos parentais. Essa hipótese colocaria em questão o gradualismo defendido por Darwin e daria espaço ao saltacionismo, pelo qual mudanças profundas podem ocorrer em uma ou algumas gerações. Parece que a hipótese saltacional não é cientificamente adequada para justificar o desempenho desportivo de Usain Bolt. Desconhecendo o perfil genético de Usain Bolt e de seus ancestrais, podemos hipotetizar que a sua excelência desportiva seja o resultado de um determinado polimorfismo ou alterações fenotípicas induzidas por determinantes ecológicos, entre os quais se destacam o treino e a nutrição. Podemos admitir que Usain Bolt é um caso raro de plasticidade de desenvolvimento que permite ao seu genoma gerar um fenótipo associado a uma competência específica para o sprint. No estado atual do conhecimento científico, não há como associar qualquer polimorfismo ao desempenho em eventos esportivos relacionados à força e velocidade, mas um campo desafiador está aberto para a ciência. Ciente das dificuldades em caracterizar Usain Bolt, ele é, sem dúvida, o resultado de uma extraordinária combinação de fatores genéticos e ambientais.
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