Efectos del entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio en la función pulmonar, oxigenación muscular y capacidad funcional en adultos mayores
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v66.110752Palabras clave:
Adultos mayores, ejercicio, NIRS, terapia respiratoriaResumen
Antecedentes y objetivo. El entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio (EMI) genera efectos positivos en el rendimiento físico, pero existen pocas pruebas sobre los efectos en la resaturación muscular en adultos mayores. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un programa de entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio (EMI) de 4 semanas sobre la fuerza inspiratoria dinámica máxima, la función pulmonar, la oxigenación muscular y la capacidad funcional en adultos mayores funcionalmente independientes.
Material y métodos. Doce adultos mayores aleatorizados (EG= n6; 68,8 ± 2,6 años; SCG=n6, 71,5 ± 4,7años) completaron el estudio. Se aplicó un programa de EMI de 4 semanas, junto con recomendaciones generales de actividad física. Se evaluaron las actividades de la vida diaria, el flujo y los volúmenes pulmonares, la fuerza inspiratoria dinámica máxima (índice S), el flujo inspiratorio máximo (FIM), la velocidad de resaturación muscular (ΔTSIreoxy) mediante NIRS y la batería Senior Fitness Test antes y después de la intervención. Resultados. Mejoras en el GE en la prueba de pararse y sentarse de la silla (p=0,013; η²p=0,474), test de curl de bíceps (p=0,015; η²p=0,463) y test de caminata de 6 minutos (p=0,011; η²p=0,495), mientras que en el grupo control sólo se observaron cambios en el test de curl de bíceps (p=0,004; η²p=0,589). Se observó un aumento del GE en el índice S (p=0,038; η²p=0,363) con un elevado efecto sobre el flujo inspiratorio máximo (FIM) (p=0,138; η²p=0,206), finalmente el GE mostró un elevado tamaño del efecto sobre la velocidad de resaturación muscular al final del ejercicio (p=0,213; η²p=0,187; Δ=-31%).
Conclusiones. Un programa corto de EMI aumenta el índice S, la capacidad física y la velocidad de oxigenación muscular. El EMI puede ser una estrategia de intervención complementaria en adultos mayores para mejorar su forma física y su respuesta vascular periférica.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, Gladys Orellana-Lepe, Matías Monsalves-Álvarez, Marcelo Tuesta, Aldo Vásquez-Bonilla, Lilian Castro-Tapia, Pamela Ruiz, Jacqueline Páez-Herrera, Jorge Olivares-Arancibia, María Martínez-Olcina, Ildefonso Alvear-Órdenes, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
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