Equilibrio postural y rotación mental en gimnastas U-12: comparación con balonmanistas y video jugadores
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v70.114116Palabras clave:
Equilibrio, control postural, rotación mental, gimnastas, balonmano, video jugadoresResumen
Introducción: La transición del equilibrio estático al dinámico puede influir en el rendimiento cognitivo, particularmente en tareas como la rotación mental.
Objetivo: Este estudio investiga el impacto de diferentes condiciones de equilibrio postural en las habilidades cognitivas visoespaciales, específicamente tareas de rotación mental que involucran cubos 3D rotados e imágenes del cuerpo humano, en gimnastas, balonmanistas y video jugadores menores de doce años.
Metodología: Cincuenta jóvenes voluntarios menores de doce años (12 gimnastas, 18 balonmanistas y 20 video jugadores) participaron en este estudio. El experimento incluyó tareas de rotación mental (cubos 3D y cuerpos humanos) bajo cuatro condiciones: sin equilibrio, equilibrio estático, equilibrio dinámico frontal y equilibrio dinámico sagital en una plataforma estabilométrica. l rendimiento cognitivo se evaluó mediante tiempo de respuesta y tasa de error, mientras el control postural se midió mediante oscilación, aceleración y desplazamiento del centro de presión (COP).
Resultados: Se observaron efectos beneficiosos inmediatos significativos del equilibrio dinámico en las tareas cognitivas. Las tareas duales mejoraron el rendimiento en control postural y rotación mental, con reducción del tiempo de respuesta y oscilación del COP (p<0,01).
Discusión: Los atletas mostraron mayores mejoras que los no atletas, destacando el efecto positivo del entrenamiento físico regular con control postural para potenciar habilidades cognitivas.
Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la práctica deportiva en la infancia mejora los sistemas sensorimotores, el control neuromuscular y el equilibrio, críticos para mantener la estabilidad y desarrollar habilidades cognitivas. Integrar entrenamiento de equilibrio y desafíos cognitivos en el entrenamiento físico podría optimizar tanto el rendimiento cognitivo como motor en jóvenes atletas.
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