Anxiety levels in football professionals and athletes before and after COVID-19 vaccination
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.108040Keywords:
sport psychology, soccer, coronavirus, mental health, performanceAbstract
Introduction. This study explored the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on anxiety levels among football professionals and athletes, emphasizing the relationship between vaccination, mental health, and performance.
Objective. To investigate changes in state and trait anxiety levels before and after COVID-19 vaccination and analyze the influence of sociodemographic factors on anxiety.
Methodology. This cross-sectional study included 766 participants who completed online questionnaires at two key pandemic phases: pre-vaccination (n = 528) and post-vaccination (n = 238). The questionnaires collected sociodemographic data and assessed anxiety levels using the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (scores: 20–80 points).
Results. Significant differences in anxiety levels were observed between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Pre-vaccination, the State Anxiety and Trait Anxiety Index were higher in unvaccinated individuals, with anxiety levels influenced by gender, age group, marital status, and occupation. Post-vaccination, anxiety levels decreased, and differences across genders and age groups became less pronounced. However, occupation remained a factor, with athletes showing higher state anxiety levels in both periods.
Conclusion. COVID-19 vaccination significantly reduced anxiety levels among football professionals and athletes. The findings highlight the mental health benefits of vaccination, supporting personalized psychological strategies within teams to enhance performance and address vaccine hesitancy. This study underscores the importance of vaccination in promoting mental well-being, particularly during times of heightened stress.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Natã Sant’anna Esteves, Diego Ignacio Valenzuela Pérez, Michele Andrade de Brito, Rodrigo Cunha de Mello Pedreiro, Reinaldo Oliveira Paizante, Esteban Aedo Muñoz, Ciro José Brito, Bianca Miarka
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