The effect of adding Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training on quadriceps and hamstrings muscle strength in cerebral palsy athletes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v63.110094Keywords:
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, cerebral palsy athletes, muscle strength, quadriceps, hamstringAbstract
Introduction: Athletes with CP were more prone to limb injuries. Stretching had long been considered beneficial for improving muscle performance and reducing the risk of injury. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation was a technique used to enhance muscle elasticity and increase peak torque and muscle strength.
Objective: To analyze the effect of adding Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation exercises on quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength in cerebral palsy athletes.
Methodology: The study was conducted at the NPC Indonesia Training Center. The subjects consisted of 24 athletes diagnosed with cerebral palsy, aged 18-40 years, who underwent intervention three times per week for four weeks on both limbs. The subjects were divided into two groups: 12 individuals in the treatment group received a resistance training program with additional Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation exercises, and 12 in the control group underwent resistance training only.
Results: There was a significant increase in muscle strength in the treatment group for the dominant quadriceps (p=0.043), non-dominant quadriceps (p=0.001), dominant hamstring (p=0.002), and non-dominant hamstring (p=0.008). In the control group, significant increases were observed in the dominant hamstring (p=0.024) and non-dominant hamstring (p=0.013), but not in the dominant quadriceps (p=0.530) or non-dominant quadriceps (p=0.420). Compared to the control group, a significant difference was found in non-dominant quadriceps strength (p=0.020), but no differences were observed in dominant quadriceps strength (p=0.396) or hamstring strength (p=0.271, p=0.204). Conclusions: The addition of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation exercises significantly increased quadriceps and hamstring strength in cerebral palsy athletes compared to those without it.
References
Arazi, H., Nia, F., Hakimi, M., & Mohamadi, M. (2012). The effect of PNF stretching combined with a resistance training on strength, muscle volume and flexibility in non-athlete male students. Sport Science, 5(1), 85–90.
Bartolomei, S., Grillone, G., Di Michele, R., & Cortesi, M. (2021). A comparison between male and female athletes in relative strength and power performances. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 6(1), 17.
Borges, M. O., Medeiros, D. M., Minotto, B. B., & Lima, C. S. (2018). Comparison between static stretching and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on hamstring flexibility: systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Physiotherapy, 20(1), 12–19.
Bradley, P. S., Olsen, P. D., & Portas, M. D. (2007). The effect of static, ballistic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on vertical jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(1), 223–226.
Caplan, N., Rogers, R., Parr, M. K., & Hayes, P. R. (2009). The effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and static stretch training on running mechanics. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(4), 1175–1180.
Choi, Y., Lee, S. H., Chung, C. Y., Park, M. S., Lee, K. M., Sung, K. H., Won, S. H., Lee, I. H., Choi, I. H., & Cho, T.-J. (2014). Anterior knee pain in patients with cerebral palsy. Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery, 6(4), 426–431.
Dominguez-Navarro, F., Casaña, J., Perez-Dominguez, B., Ricart-Luna, B., Cotolí-Suárez, P., & Calatayud, J. (2023). Dynamic balance and explosive strength appears to better explain single leg hop test results among young elite female basketball athletes. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 5476.
Funk, D. C., Swank, A. M., Mikla, B. M., Fagan, T. A., & Farr, B. K. (2003). Impact of prior exercise on hamstring flexibility: a comparison of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and static stretching. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(3), 489–492.
Gerdijan, N., Perić, D., Ljubojević, A., & Vukić, Ž. (2021). Effects of static and dynamic stretching exercises on unilateral hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio. Advances in Physical Education, 11(01), 89.
Gunawan, P. I., Noviandi, R., & Samosir, S. M. (2023). Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Indonesian Patients with Cerebral Palsy. Annals of Child Neurology, 31(4), 249–256.
Hindle, K., Whitcomb, T., Briggs, W., & Hong, J. (2012). Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF): Its mechanisms and effects on range of motion and muscular function. Journal of Human Kinetics, 31(2012), 105–113.
Hotta, K., & Muller-Delp, J. (2022). Microvascular adaptations to muscle stretch: findings from animals and the elderly. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 939459.
Hough, P. A., Ross, E. Z., & Howatson, G. (2009). Effects of dynamic and static stretching on vertical jump performance and electromyographic activity. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(2), 507–512.
Isna, N. M., Retyananda, O. T., Prastowo, B., Prasetya, M. R. A., TANAZZA, S. A., FIRMANSYAH, A., OKTAVRIANTO, D., SARI, G. M., & HERAWATI, L. (2024). Differences in eccentric hamstring force among young indonesian handball players based on injury history. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 24(8), 1978–1983.
Jean-Berchmans, B., Ilham, I., Geantă, V. A., Ndayisenga, J., Ayubi, N., Andika, H., Orhan, B. E., Perdana, G. S., Makadada, F. A., & Kumenap, E. E. (2024). Comparative analysis of plyometric training alone and plyometric training combined with static stretching on vertical jump in non-athlete students: Effects of Plyometric Training Alone and Plyometric Combined with Static Stretching on Selected Kinetic and Kinematic of Vertical Jump in Non-Athlete Students. Retos, 58, 352–360.
Kisner, C., Colby, L. A., & Borstad, J. (2017). Therapeutic exercise: foundations and techniques. Fa Davis.
Latouf, B. K. A., Halouani, J., Khalil, M. E. M. S., & Chtourou, H. (2023). Effect of 8-Weeks PNF Stretching on Muscle Strength and Neuromuscular Activity of the Hamstring Muscles. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health, 6(1), 37–42.
Marco, S. (2019). The evaluation of physiotherapy in functional masticatory muscles disorders.
McCarthy, P. W., Olsen, J. P., & Smeby, I. H. (1997). Effects of contract-relax stretching procedures on active range of motion of the cervical spine in the transverse plane. Clinical Biomechanics, 12(2), 136–138.
Mikolajec, K., Waskiewicz, Z., Maszczyk, A., Bacik, B., & Kurek, P. (2012). Effects of stretching and strength exercises on speed and power abilities in male basketball players. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 20(1), 61–69.
Miyahara, Y., Naito, H., Ogura, Y., Katamoto, S., & Aoki, J. (2013). Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching and static stretching on maximal voluntary contraction. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(1), 195–201.
Nelson, A. G., Kokkonen, J., & Arnall, D. A. (2005). Acute muscle stretching inhibits muscle strength endurance performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(2), 338–343.
Pearce, A. J., Kidgell, D. J., Zois, J., & Carlson, J. S. (2009). Effects of secondary warm up following stretching. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 105, 175–183.
Pinheiro, L. S. P., Ocarino, J. M., Madaleno, F. O., Verhagen, E., de Mello, M. T., Albuquerque, M. R., Andrade, A. G. P., da Mata, C. P., Pinto, R. Z., & Silva, A. (2021). Prevalence and incidence of injuries in para athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis and GRADE recommendations. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(23), 1357–1365.
Pringga, G. A., Andriana, R. A. M., Wardhani, I. L., & Arfianti, L. (2021). Original Research Comparison of Hamstrings and Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Thickness Increment between Agonist-Antagonist Paired Set and Traditional Set Resistance Training in Untrained Healthy Subjects.
Runciman, P., & Derman, W. (2018). The athlete with cerebral palsy: challenges for the team physician. Aspetar Sport Med J, 7, 142–147.
Salsabila Zahroh, Arni Kusuma Dewi, & Lydia Arfianti. (2024). Acute Effects of Dynamic Stretching on Functional Performance in Non-Athlete Young Adults. Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal, 6(2), 134–147. https://doi.org/10.20473/spmrj.v6i2.55107
Schoenfeld, B. J. (2010). The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2857–2872.
Stricker, P. R., Faigenbaum, A. D., McCambridge, T. M., LaBella, C. R., Brooks, M. A., Canty, G., Diamond, A. B., Hennrikus, W., Logan, K., & Moffatt, K. (2020). Resistance training for children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 145(6).
WHO, I. (2000). IOTF. The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment. Australia: Health Communications.
Zaidi, S., Ahamad, A., Fatima, A., Ahmad, I., Malhotra, D., Al Muslem, W. H., Abdulaziz, S., & Nuhmani, S. (2023). Immediate and long-term effectiveness of Proprioceptive neuromuscular Facilitation and static stretching on joint range of motion, flexibility, and electromyographic activity of knee muscles in older adults. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(7), 2610.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdullah Al Hazmy, Imam Subadi, Andriati Andriati, Diah Indriani, Retno Setianing, Suryo Saputra Perdana, Rima Ferdianto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
