A relação entre mindfulness e níveis de otimismo-pessimismo em atletas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.106558Palavras-chave:
Athletic Performance, Psychological Resilience, Mindfulness, Optimism and PessimismResumo
Este estudo investiga a interação entre traços psicológicos – otimismo, pessimismo e atenção plena – e seu impacto coletivo no desempenho e bem-estar dos atletas. Utilizando um modelo de pesquisa correlacional, a pesquisa inclui uma amostra de conveniência de 236 atletas de diversas modalidades esportivas, com representação diversificada em todos os níveis educacionais. A amostra incluiu 33,1% de mulheres e 66,9% de homens, sendo que uma parcela significativa possui bacharelado. A Escala de Otimismo e Pessimismo do Atleta (AOPS) e o Inventário de Mindfulness no Esporte (MIS) foram administrados para avaliar construtos psicológicos. Os métodos analíticos incluíram testes t, ANOVA e correlações de Pearson. Os resultados indicam que não existem diferenças de género no Otimismo, Pessimismo e Mindfulness em geral. No entanto, os homens demonstraram maiores capacidades de reorientação. Não foi observado impacto significativo do tipo de esporte ou nível educacional sobre esses traços psicológicos. A idade não apresentou correlação com as variáveis. Foi destacada uma associação positiva entre o Otimismo e os subcomponentes de conscientização e reorientação da atenção plena, destacando o papel benéfico do Otimismo. Em contrapartida, o pessimismo apresentou correlações negativas, sugerindo o seu efeito prejudicial. As descobertas sublinham a necessidade de intervenções psicológicas personalizadas que melhorem o otimismo e a atenção plena, ao mesmo tempo que reduzem o pessimismo. Este estudo contribui para o campo da psicologia do esporte ao sugerir que intervenções individualizadas são cruciais para promover a resiliência psicológica e o desempenho do atleta, com potencial de crescimento e adaptação que se estende ao longo da vida.
Palavras-chave: Desempenho Esportivo, Resiliência Psicológica, Mindfulness, Otimismo, Pessimismo
Referências
Angosto, S., Salmerón-Baños, L., Ortín-Montero, F. J., Morales-Baños, V., & Borrego-Balsalobre, F. J. (2021). Mood, Burnout, and Dispositional Optimism in Kayak Polo Players During Their Competitive Stage. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667603
Augustus, A. N., Zizzi, S., Minkler, T., & Lindauer, C. (2022). Mindfulness for the Moment: Adapting Interventions for the Period of the Sport Season. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 14(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2022.2103222
Augustus, A., Zizzi, S., Voelker, D., & Costalupes, B. (2024). Living your best life: The mindful pursuit of student-athlete thriving. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2023.09.004
Beck, J. S. (2020). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. Guilford Publications.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., ... & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Bryan, C., O’Shea, D., & MacIntyre, T. (2017). Stressing the relevance of resilience: a systematic review of resilience across the domains of sport and work. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(1), 70–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2017.1381140
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (5. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Campbell, J. A., & Løkken, I. M. (2022). Inside Out: A Scoping Review on Optimism, Growth Mindsets, and Positive Psychology for Child Well-Being in ECEC. Education Sciences, 13(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13010029
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2001). Optimism, Pessimism, and self-regulation. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism & Pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 31-51). American Psychological Association.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
Chang, C. J., Putukian, M., Aerni, G., Diamond, A. B., Hong, E. S., Ingram, Y. M., Reardon, C. L., & Wolanin, A. T. (2020). Mental Health Issues and Psychological Factors in Athletes: Detection, Management, Effect on Performance, and Prevention: American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 30(2), e61–e87. https://doi.org/10.1097/jsm.0000000000000817
Chang, E. C. (2001). Cultural influences on Optimism and Pessimism: Differences in Western and Eastern construals of the self. In Optimism & Pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice. (pp. 257–280). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10385-012
Chang, E. C. (2024). Beyond Dispositional Optimism and Pessimism: Does the Tripartite Model of Meaning in Life Matter in Predicting Future Well-Being in Adults? Journal of Happiness Studies, 25(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-024-00772-5
Cyranowski, J. M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, M. K. (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression: A theoretical model. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.1.21
Dagnall, N., Drinkwater, K. G., Denovan, A., & Walsh, R. S. (2021). The Potential Benefits of Non-skills Training (Mental Toughness) for Elite Athletes: Coping With the Negative Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.581431
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1999). The origins of sex differences in human behavior: Evolved dispositions versus social roles. American Psychologist, 54(6), 408-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.6.408
Fasey, K. J., Sarkar, M., Wagstaff, C. R. D., & Johnston, J. (2022). Understanding organizational resilience in elite sport: An exploration of psychosocial processes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 62, 102236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102236
Fraenkel. J. R.. & Wallen. N. E. (2009). How to design and evaluate education research (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gardner, F. L., & Moore, Z. E. (2004). A Mindfulness-acceptance-commitment-based approach to athletic performance enhancement: Theoretical considerations. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 707-723. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80016-9
Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Rose, D. T., Whitehouse, W. G., Donovan, P., ... & Tierney, S. (2002). History of childhood maltreatment, negative cognitive styles, and episodes of depression in adulthood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(2), 225-241.
Gillham, J., Shatté, A. J., Reivich, K. J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2000). Optimism, Pessimism, and explanatory style. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism & Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 53-75). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10385-003
Goleman, D. (2005). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ (10th anniversary ed.). Bantam Books.
Gur, R. C., Gunning-Dixon, F., Bilker, W. B., & Gur, R. E. (2002). Sex differences in temporo-limbic and frontal brain volumes of healthy adults. Cerebral Cortex, 12(9), 998-1003. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/12.9.998
Gustafsson, H., Carlin, M., Podlog, L., Stenling, A., & Lindwall, M. (2018). Motivational profiles and burnout in elite athletes: A person-centered approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.11.009
Gustafsson, H., Skoog, T., Davis, P., Kenttä, G., & Haberl, P. (2015). Mindfulness and its relationship with perceived stress, affect, and burnout in elite junior athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9(3), 263-281. Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4098
Halpern, D. F., Benbow, C. P., Geary, D. C., Gur, R. C., Hyde, J. S., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (2007). The science of sex differences in science and mathematics. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 8(1), 1-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2007.00032.x
Hatton-Bowers, H., Howell Smith, M., Huynh, T., Bash, K., Durden, T., Anthony, C., Foged, J., & Lodl, K. (2019). “I Will Be Less Judgmental, More Kind, More Aware, and Resilient!”: Early Childhood Professionals’ Learnings from an Online Mindfulness Module. Early Childhood Education Journal, 48(3), 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-01007-6
Herzberg, P. Y., Glaesmer, H., & Hoyer, J. (2006). Separating Optimism and Pessimism: A robust psychometric analysis of the revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Psychological Assessment, 18(4), 433. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.18.4.433
Hussain, T., Wang, D., & Li, B. (2023). Psychological resilience in athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative insight. Acta Psychologica, 240, 104050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104050
Hut, M., Glass, C. R., Degnan, K. A., & Minkler, T. O. (2021). The effects of mindfulness training on mindfulness, anxiety, emotion dysregulation, and performance satisfaction among female student-athletes: The moderating role of age. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(2–3), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2021.06.002
Hwang, K., & Choi, J. (2021). How Do Failed Entrepreneurs Cope with Their Prior Failure When They Seek Subsequent Re-Entry into Serial Entrepreneurship? Failed Entrepreneurs’ Optimism and Defensive Pessimism and Coping Humor as a Moderator. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 7021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137021
Isaacowitz, D. M., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2012). Linking Process and Outcome in the Study of Emotion and Aging. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611424750
Jones, B. J., Kaur, S., Miller, M., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2020). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Benefits Psychological Well-Being, Sleep Quality, and Athletic Performance in Female Collegiate Rowers. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572980
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2023). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. Hachette UK.
King, P. M. (1992). How Do We Know? Why Do We Believe? Learning to Make Reflective Judgments. Liberal Education, 78(1), 2-9.
Lachman, M. E. (2006). Perceived control over aging-related declines: Adaptive beliefs and behaviors. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 282-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00453.x
Lai, C.-P., Hsieh, H.-H., Chang, C.-M., & Ni, F.-T. (2020). The Role of Psychological Capital in Athletic Performance and Career Development of Adolescent Baseball Players in Taiwan. Sustainability, 12(18), 7652. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187652
Lainé, M. (2018). The Confidence Paradox: Can Confidence Account for Business Cycles? Journal of Economic Issues, 52(1), 136–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2018.1430946
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company.
Levit-Binnun, N., Arbel, K., & Dorjee, D. (2021). The Mindfulness Map: A Practical Classification Framework of Mindfulness Practices, Associated Intentions, and Experiential Understandings. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727857
Loftus, T. J., Filiberto, A. C., Rosenthal, M. D., Arnaoutakis, G. J., Sarosi, G. A., Jr., Dimick, J. B., & Upchurch, G. R., Jr. (2020). Performance advantages for grit and optimism. The American Journal of Surgery, 220(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.01.057
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2006). Psychological Capital. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187526.001.0001
Mann, M., Hosman, C. M., Schaalma, H. P., & de Vries, N. K. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Research, 19(4), 357-372.
Meaden, J. (2024). The environmental model of mindfulness. Frontiers in Social Psychology, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsps.2024.1385819
Nes, L. S., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2006). Dispositional Optimism and coping: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_3
Newcomb-Anjo, S., Mulvihill, K., Karbainova, D., & Barker, E. T. (2022). Charting a Course, Weathering Storms, and Making Lemonade: A Person-Centered Mixed Methods Analysis of Emotional Wellbeing and Dispositional Strengths following University Graduation. Journal of Adult Development, 29(2), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-022-09394-8
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 161-187. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109
Nowzohour, L., & Stracca, L. (2020). More Than A Feelıng: Confıdence, Uncertaınty, And Macroeconomıc Fluctuatıons. Journal of Economic Surveys, 34(4), 691–726. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12354
Oguntuase, S. B., & Sun, Y. (2022). Effects of mindfulness training on resilience, self-confidence and emotion regulation of elite football players: The mediating role of locus of control. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(3), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.08.003
Pienkowski, T., Keane, A., de Lange, E., Khanyari, M., Arlidge, W. N. S., Baranyi, G., Brittain, S., Castelló y Tickell, S., Hazenbosch, M., Papworth, S., & Milner‐Gulland, E. J. (2022). Personal traits predict conservationists’ optimism about outcomes for nature. Conservation Letters, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12873
Plomin, R., Scheier, M. F., Bergeman, C. S., Pedersen, N. L., Nesselroade, J. R., & McClearn, G. E. (1992). Optimism, Pessimism and mental health: A twin/adoption analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(8), 921–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90009-e
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250-255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702
Ragab, H. (2024). Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Enhancing Sports Performance. American Journal of Recreation and Sports, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.47672/ajrs.2049
Rasmussen, H. N., Scheier, M. F., & Greenhouse, J. B. (2009). Optimism and Physical Health: A Meta-analytic Review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37(3), 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9111-x
Röthlin, P., Horvath, S., Trösch, S., Holtforth, M. grosse, & Birrer, D. (2020). Differential and shared effects of psychological skills training and mindfulness training on performance-relevant psychological factors in sport: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00449-7
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive therapy and research, 16(2), 201-228.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of Optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2), 201–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01173489
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2018). Dispositional optimism and physical health: A long look back, a quick look forward. American Psychologist, 73(9), 1082–1094. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000384
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing Optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). Learned Optimism: How to change your mind and your life. Vintage Books.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive Psychology: An Introduction. In Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology (pp. 279–298). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_18
Soundara Pandian, P. R., Balaji Kumar, V., Kannan, M., Gurusamy, G., & Lakshmi, B. (2022). Impact of mental toughness on athlete’s performance and interventions to improve. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 34(4), 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2022-0129
Sparks, K. V., & Ring, C. (2022). A rowing-specific mindfulness intervention: Effects on mindfulness, flow, reinvestment, and performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.871804
Sullivan, L., Carter, J. E., Houle, J., Ding, K., Hautmann, A., & Yang, J. (2021). Evaluation of a resilience training program for college student-athletes: A pilot study. Journal of American College Health, 71(1), 310–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1891083
Tekkurşun Demir, G. (2022). Sporcularda İyimserlik ve Karamsarlık Ölçeği’nin (SİVKÖ) Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences (IJOESS), 13(49), 875-887. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.35826/ijoess.3124
Thiermann, U. B., & Sheate, W. R. (2020). The Way Forward in Mindfulness and Sustainability: a Critical Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 5(1), 118–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-020-00180-6
Tingaz, E. O. (2020). Sporcu Bilinçli Farkındalık (Mindfulness) Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(1), 71-80.
Valipoor, S., & Bosch, S. J. (2021). In the Moment: Fostering Mindfulness and Reducing Stressors in the Healthcare Workplace. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 14(3), 386–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586720988243
Walker, S. P. (2013). Mindfulness and burnout among competitive adolescent tennis players. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(4), 105-108. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAJSM.498
Wang, Y., Lei, S.-M., & Fan, J. (2023). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Promoting Athletic Performance and Related Factors among Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2038. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032038
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2019). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology (7th ed.). Human Kinetics.
Whitton, O. M., Bowtell, J., & Jones, M. (2020). A critical consideration of the role of mental toughness and pain in the acute pain experiences of athletes. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 210–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2020.1836672
Wu, X., Cai, Y., Abidin, N. E. Z., & Jaladin, R. A. M. (2024). Associations between motivational factors and burnout syndrome among elite skiers. BMC Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01989-y
Zhang, D., Lee, E., Mak, E. C., Ho, C. Y., & Wong, S. Y. (2016). Mindfulness-based intervention for Chinese children with ADHD and their parents: A pilot mixed-method study. Mindfulness, 7(4), 859-872.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2024 Retos
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
