Impactos diferenciais do exercício físico de alta e baixa intensidade na atividade das ondas cerebrais e na conectividade funcional em atletas profissionais: uma revisão sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.108998Palavras-chave:
Brain , Emotions , Physical Fitness , Cognition , Athletes , Self-ControlResumo
Introdução: Esta revisão sistemática explora os impactos diferenciais do exercício físico de alta e baixa intensidade na atividade das ondas cerebrais e na conectividade funcional em atletas profissionais. O estudo visa elucidar como diferentes intensidades de exercício influenciam as respostas cognitivas e emocionais, a conectividade cerebral e a saúde mental geral. Além disso, examina os possíveis efeitos sinérgicos da integração do treino de neurofeedback com o exercício físico. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica exaustiva em bases de dados como a PubMed, Scopus e Google Scholar. As palavras-chave incluíam “exercício de alta intensidade”, “exercício de baixa intensidade”, “atividade das ondas cerebrais”, “conectividade funcional”, “atletas profissionais” e “desempenho cognitivo”. Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos publicados em revistas especializadas que envolveram atletas profissionais e examinaram o impacto da intensidade do exercício na atividade das ondas cerebrais e na conectividade funcional. A extração de dados centrou-se no desenho do estudo, no tamanho da amostra, na intensidade do exercício, nas técnicas de neuroimagiologia, na atividade das ondas cerebrais e nos resultados de conectividade funcional. Resultados: Verificou-se que o exercício físico de alta intensidade induz alterações significativas na conectividade funcional nas redes de afeto e recompensa, melhora o humor e melhora o desempenho cognitivo através do aumento da coerência e sincronização das ondas cerebrais. O exercício de baixa intensidade melhorou principalmente o processamento cognitivo e atencional, aumentando a conectividade funcional em estado de repouso na rede frontoparietal. Foi demonstrado que o treino de neurofeedback melhora a atividade das ondas cerebrais, reduz os níveis de stress e aumenta o autocontrolo sobre os fatores fisiológicos. A abordagem combinada de neurofeedback e exercício físico demonstrou potencial para otimizar o desempenho físico e mental em atletas. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que o exercício de alta intensidade leva a alterações significativas e prolongadas na conectividade cerebral e no desempenho cognitivo, enquanto o exercício de baixa intensidade beneficia o processamento cognitivo e atencional. A discussão apresenta a teoria da sinergia entre o neurofeedback e o condicionamento físico, que postula que a integração do neurofeedback com o exercício físico pode levar a melhorias ótimas tanto no condicionamento físico como na saúde mental. Esta abordagem combinada sugere uma estratégia promissora para melhorar o desempenho desportivo global e o bem-estar mental. A investigação futura deverá centrar-se em medidas padronizadas e estudos a longo prazo para validar ainda mais estes resultados e explorar os mecanismos neurofisiológicos subjacentes.
Palavras-chave: Cérebro, Emoções, Aptidão Física, Cognição, Atletas, Autocontrolo
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