Resiliência académica, resistência mental e desempenho académico: inter-relações e diferenças por género e origem dos alunos (desporto vs. não desporto)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.116689Palavras-chave:
Desempenho acadêmico, resiliência académica, psicologia da educação, resistência mental, estudo de desportosResumo
Introdução: Existem poucos estudos que investiguem o papel da resiliência académica (RA) e da resistência mental (TM) no desempenho académico (RA) de acordo com as diferenças de género e de formação (atlética e não atlética) entre os estudantes.
Objectivo: Este estudo tem como objectivo explorar em profundidade a relação entre a idade, a RA, a TM e a AP em alunos atletas e não atletas.
Metodologia: Um total de 175 alunos participaram neste estudo, mas 166 alunos (homens = 64 ou 38,55%; mulheres = 102 ou 61,45%) foram analisados com maior profundidade. De acordo com a formação académica, 81 (48,80%) alunos vieram de programas desportivos, enquanto 85 (51,20%) vieram de programas não desportivos. A idade média dos inquiridos foi de 18,87 ± 0,77 anos. Os dados do inquérito foram obtidos através da Escala de Resiliência Académica (ARS), do Índice de Resistência Mental (MTI) e da média de notas (GPA).
Resultados: Verificou-se uma relação significativa entre a RA e a TM (r = 0,691; p < 0,001), enquanto as variáveis idade e AP não apresentaram correlação (p > 0,05). Houve uma diferença significativa na AP com base no género (F = 30,485; p < 0,001) e na origem do programa de estudo (F = 50,522; p < 0,001), mas não houve diferença significativa nas variáveis AR e TM (p > 0,05).
Conclusões: Este estudo apresenta novas evidências relacionadas com a inter-relação das variáveis AP, AR, TM e idade. Houve correlação significativa apenas entre a variável AR e TM, enquanto não houve relação significativa entre as restantes variáveis. Além disso, foram encontradas diferenças significativas apenas na AP, enquanto não se verificaram diferenças na RA e na MT, nem com base no género nem na origem dos alunos (desportivos e não desportivos).
Referências
Almulla, M. O. (2024). Academic Resilience and Its Relationships With Academic Achievement Among Students of King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia. Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental, 18(9), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n9-134
Amoadu, M., Agormedah, E. K., Obeng, P., Srem-Sai, M., Hagan, J. E., & Schack, T. (2024). Gender Differences in Academic Resilience and Well-Being among Senior High School Students in Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Children, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050512
Andrews, P., & Chen, M. A. (2014). Gender Differences in Mental Toughness and Coping with Injury in Runners. Journal of Athletic Enhancement, 3(6), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000183
Bagdžiūnienė, D., Žukauskaitė, I., Bulotaitė, L., & Sargautytė, R. (2025). Study and personal resources of university students’ academic resilience and the relationship with positive psychological outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1517359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1517359
Bonanno, G. A. (2021). The resilience paradox. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1942642
Choo, O. Z. H., & Prihadi, K. (2019). Academic resilience as mediator of multidimensional perfectionism and academic performance among gen-Z undergraduate students. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 8(4), 637–646. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v8i4.20340
Clair-Thompson, H. S., Giles, R., McGeown, S. P., Putwain, D., Clough, P., & Perry, J. (2017). Mental toughness and transitions to high school and to undergraduate study. Educational Psychology, 37(7), 792–809. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2016.1184746
Comeaux, E., & Harrison, K. C. (2011). A conceptual model of academic success for student-athletes. Educational Researcher, 40(5), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11415260
Cowden, R. G. (2017). Mental Toughness and Success in Sport: A Review and Prospect. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 10(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01710010001
Crust, L., Earle, K., Perry, J., Earle, F., Clough, A., & Clough, P. J. (2014). Mental toughness in higher education: Relationships with achievement and progression in first-year university sports students. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.016
Erdogan, E., Ozdogan, O., & Erdogan, M. (2015). University Students’ Resilience Level: The Effect of Gender and Faculty. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 1262–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.047
Evenseth, L. L., Sydnes, M., & Gausdal, A. H. (2022). Building Organizational Resilience Through Organizational Learning: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Communication, 7, 837386. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2022.837386
Fang, G., Chan, P. W. K., & Kalogeropoulos, P. (2020). Social support and academic achievement of Chinese low-income children: A mediation effect of academic resilience. International Journal of Psychological Research, 13(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4480
Fauzee, M. S. ., Saputra, Y., Samad, N., & Gheimi, Z. (2012). Mental toughness among footballers: A case study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(1), 639–658.
Finn, J. D., & Rock, D. A. (1997). Academic success among students at risk for school failure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.82.2.221
Gabrielli, G., Longobardi, S., & Strozza, S. (2022). The academic resilience of native and immigrant-origin students in selected European countries. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(10), 2347–2368. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2021.1935657
Gaston-Gayles, J. L. (2005). The factor structure and reliability of the Student Athletes’ Motivation toward Sports and Academics Questionnaire (SAMSAQ). Journal of College Student Development, 46(3), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2005.0025
Gerber, M., Brand, S., Feldmeth, A. K., Lang, C., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2013). Adolescents with high mental toughness adapt better to perceived stress: A longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(7), 808–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.003
Gil, S. V. (2024). The Influence of Gender on Academic Performance and Psychological Resilience, and the Relationship Between Both: Understanding the Differences Through Gender Stereotypes. Trends in Psychology, 1, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-024-00370-7
Global Education Monitoring Team. (2018). Meeting our commitments to gender equality in education: Global Education Monitoring Report 2018. In Unesco. Paris: UNCESCO.
Gucciardi, D. F. (2017). Mental toughness: progress and prospects. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16(16), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.010
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2014). The Concept of Mental Toughness: Tests of Dimensionality, Nomological Network, and Traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12079
Guntoro, T. S., & Putra, M. F. P. (2022). Athletes’ religiosity: How it plays a role in athletes’ anxiety and life satisfaction. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 78(1), a7802. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i1.7802
Guntoro, T. S., Sutoro, Pahabol, N., Nopiyanto, Y. E., Numberi, G. K. I., Zainuri, A., … Putro, M. F. P. (2025). Indonesian Version of the Short Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ): Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 16(1), 1–21.
Guntoro, T. S., Wandik, Y., Sutoro, Kristiyandaru, A., Kamaruddin, I., Mashud, … Putra, M. F. P. (2024). Online Lectures for Sports and Non-Sports Study Program Students: Interrelation of Attitudes, Involvement, Satisfaction, Happiness, and Learning Achievement. Retos, 57(2020), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.107222
Hartmann, S., Weiss, M., Newman, A., & Hoegl, M. (2020). Resilience in the Workplace: A Multilevel Review and Synthesis. Applied Psychology, 69(3), 913–959. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12191
Herdi, H., & Ristianingsih, F. (2022). Perbedaan Resiliensi Mahasiswa Rantau Ditinjau Berdasarkan Gegar Budaya. INSIGHT: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling, 10(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.21009/insight.101.05
Iddekinge, C. H. V., Arnold, J. D., Krivacek, S. J., Frieder, R. E., & Roth, P. L. (2024). Making the grade? A meta-analysis of academic performance as a predictor of work performance and turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 109(12), 1972– 1993. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001212
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. Sport Psychologist, 21(2), 243–264. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.21.2.243
Katsantonis, I. (2020). Factors Associated with Psychological Well-Being and Stress: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Psychological Well-Being and Gender Differences in a Population of Teachers. Pedagogical Research, 5(4), em0066. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/8235
Kumalasari, D. (2023). Academic Resilience among Indonesian College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Future Orientation and Peer Support. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 21(61), 541–558. https://doi.org/10.25115/EJREP.V21I61.7945
Lin, Y., Mutz, J., Clough, P. J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Mental toughness and individual differences in learning, educational and work performance, psychological well-being, and personality: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01345
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
Martin, A. (2002). Motivation and academic resilience: Developing a model for student enhancement. Australian Journal OfEducation, 46(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/000494410204600104
Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2006). Academic resilience and its psychological and educational correlates: A construct validity approach. Psychology in the Schools, 43(3), 267–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20149
Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2008). Academic buoyancy: Towards an understanding of students’ everyday academic resilience. Journal of School Psychology, 46(1), 53–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.01.002
Meneghel, I., Martínez, I. M., Salanova, M., & de Witte, H. (2019). Promoting academic satisfaction and performance: Building academic resilience through coping strategies. Psychology in the Schools, 56(6), 875–890. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22253
Mwangi, C. N., Okatcha, F. M., Kinai, T. K., & Ireri, A. M. (2015). Relationship between Academic Resilience and Academic Achievement among Secondary School Students in Kiambu County, Kenya. International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology, 1(2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-9837.s2-003
Nasir, F., Almuraikhi, A., Alkusayer, A., Saeed, F., Alkushi, A., Alowfi, A. S., … Nasir, F. (2025). Assessing Gender Differences in the Students’ Academic Performance, Aptitude, Emotional Intelligence and Grit. Health Professions Education, 11(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.55890/2452-3011.1318
Ogunmakin, A. ., & Akomolafe, M. . (2013). Academic Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control and Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Ondo State, Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(11), 570–576. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n11p570
Panadero, E. (2017). A review of self-regulated learning: Six models and four directions for research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(APR), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00422
Putra, M. F. P., Sutoro, Guntoro, T. S., Sinaga, E., Wanena, T., Rahayuni, K., … Wandik, Y. (2024). Cross-cultural adaptation of the psychological performance inventory-alternative (PPI-A) for the Indonesian context. Retos, 56, 990–997. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.103765
Putra, M. F. P., Sutoro, S., Zainuri, A., Numberi, G. K. I., Nurhidayah, D., & Kadir, A. (2025). Mental toughness training circle (MTTC): What is its impact on the mental toughness, anxiety, and academic performance of college-level athletes and non-athletes. Retos, 64, 866–876. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.109694
Putra, M. F. P., Sutoro, Wanena, T., Wandik, Y., Womsiwor, D., Dike, I. M., … Pahabol, N. (2024). Mental toughness: are there differences between athletes and non-athletes, education levels, and gender? Retos, 58, 516–521. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.107330
Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university students’ academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 353–387. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026838
Roth, P. L., BeVier, C. A., Switzer, F. S., & Schippmann, J. S. (1996). Meta-analyzing the relationship between grades and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(5), 548–556. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.5.548
Simsek, B., Kartal, A., & Aktas, S. (2023). Mental Toughness Levels of Male and Female Football Players. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 25(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1245313
Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
Sutoro, Guntoro, T. S., & Putra, M. F. P. (2023). Development and validation mental training model: Mental Toughness Training Circle (MTTC). F1000Reserach, 12(169), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.129010.1
Wandik, Y., Sutoro, Putra, M. F. P., Dina, Guntoro, T. S., Wambrauw, O. O. O., … Hariadi, I. (2024). Interrelation of mental toughness, religiosity, and happiness of elite adolescent athletes based on gender, type of sport, and level of education. Retos, 56, 981–989. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v56.103469
Wieser, R., & Thiel, H. (2014). A survey of “ mental hardiness” and “ mental toughness” in professional male football players. Chiropractic and Manual Therapies, 22(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-709X-22-17
Yoon, Y., Eisenstadt, M., Lereya, S. T., & Deighton, J. (2023). Gender difference in the change of adolescents’ mental health and subjective wellbeing trajectories. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(9), 1569–1578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-01961-4
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 Ibrahim Ibrahim, Suharjana Suharjana, Widiyanto Widiyanto, Ilham Kamaruddin, Ramdan Pelana, Sutoro Sutoro, Evi Sinaga, Rodhi Rusdianto Hidayat, Ermelinda Yersin Putri Larung, Bayu Budi Prakoso, Rhavy Ferdyan, Miftah Fariz Prima Putra
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
