Legados de um evento multidesportivo internacional: associação com o legado negativo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117545Palavras-chave:
Legado, efeitos negativos, eventos desportivos, modelação de equações estruturaisResumo
Introdução: este artigo analisa a associação dos diferentes tipos de legado com o legado negativo gerado pelos Jogos Panamericanos Junior Cali 2021.
Objectivo: compreender as relações entre as distintas dimensões do legado (socioeconómico, imagem internacional da cidade anfitriã, desportiva e ambiental) e o possível legado negativo que os eventos multidesportivos internacionais podem gerar nas cidades anfitriãs.
Metodologia: foi realizada uma consulta a 666 participantes dos Jogos Panamericanos Junior Cali 2021, os dados foram analisados através de um modelo de equações estruturais para identificar as relações entre os diferentes tipos de legado.
Resultados: os resultados demonstram que os legados socioeconómicos e desportivos apresentam associações positivas e estadísticamente significativas com o legado negativo, o que indica que, pese a considerar benéficos, pode gerar efeitos adversos. Pelo contrário, o legado relacionado com a imagem internacional da cidade associa-se a qualidades com o legado negativo, sugerindo que uma melhor percepção externa pode mitigar impactos locais desfavoráveis. Além disso, não se encontrou uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre o legado ambiental e o legado negativo.
Discutir: este relatório de estudo irá investigar os resultados dos resultados, resultados positivos, resultados, resultados, resultados, avaliações, resultados.
Conclusão: se conclui que os legados socioeconómicos e desportivos nem sempre são percebidos de forma positiva; o legado associado à imagem internacional da cidade desempenha um papel mitigador, sendo que o legado ambiental não gera um impacto percetível no legado negativo.
Referências
Aces Europa. (2019). American Capitals of Sport. http://aceseurope.eu/american-capitals-sport/
Adelowo, A. B. (2022). Making FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Truly Healthy and Safe: Strategies and Legacy for Present and Future Sporting Events. Texila International Journal of Academic Research. https://doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.se.22.01.art001
Aguado, L. F., Osorio, A. M., Arbona, A., & Peña-Vinces, J. C. (2017). Efectos de la realización de un megaevento deportivo sobre una economía local. El caso de los Juegos Mundiales 2013 Cali. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 22(43), 131–153. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEFAS-01-2017-0012
Annear, M. J., Shimizu, Y., & Kidokoro, T. (2019). Sports mega-event legacies and adult physical activity: A systematic literature review and research agenda. In European Journal of Sport Science (Vol. 19, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1554002
Añó, V., Calabuig, F., Ayora, D., Parra, D. y Duclos, D. (2014). Percepción Social de la Importancia, el Impacto y los Beneficios Esperados de la Celebración de los Juegos Mediterráneos de Tarragona en 2017. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 22(2), 321-329.
Aragón-Pérez, A. (2019). The Influence of the 1992 Earth Summit on the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona: Awakening of the Olympic Environmental Dimension. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 36(2–3), 244–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2019.1626830
Attwell, S., Morgan, H., & Parker, A. (2019). Major Sporting Events: Achieving an International Sport Development Legacy. Managing Sport and Leisure. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2019.1679038
Azzali, S. (2019). Spaces of Mega Sporting Events Versus Public Spaces. Qatar 2022 World Cup and the City of Doha. The Journal of Public Space. https://doi.org/10.32891/jps.v4i2.1204
Bagozzi, R.P. and Heatherton, T.F. (1994), “A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: application to state self-esteem”, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 35-67.
Baroghi, F., & Ribeiro, P. J. G. (2024). Olympics-related urban interventions in Barcelona and in Rio de Janeiro: A look at territorial equality legacies. Cities, 155, 105503. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105503
Byers, T., Hayday, E., & Pappous, A. (Sakis). (2020). A new conceptualization of mega sports event legacy delivery: Wicked problems and critical realist solution. In Sport Management Review (Vol. 23, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.04.001
Calabuig, F., Parra, D., Añó, V. y Ayora, D. (2014). Análisis de la percepción de los residentes sobre el impacto cultural y deportivo de un Gran Premio de Fórmula 1. Movimento, 20(1), 261-280.
Carbonell-García, V., Ruz, R. P., Puga-González, E., & Cabello-Manrique, D. (2023). A 360o Sustainable Approach of Sport Events Legacies: A Systematic Review. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2023.182.03
Cashman, R. (2003). What is Olympic Legacy. In M. de Moragas, C. Kennett, & N. Puig (Eds.), The Legacy of the Olympic Games, 1984–2002 (pp. 31–42). International Olympic Committee.
Centro de Inteligencia Económica y Competitividad de Cali. (2022). Los I Juegos Panamericanos Junior Santiago de Cali 2021. Perfiles de Asistentes e Impacto en la Economía del Distrito. Secretaría de Desarrollo Económico de Cali. Alcaldía de Santiago de Cali.
Chalip, L. (2006). Towards social leverage of sport events. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 11(2), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080601155126
Chávez-hernández, S., Favre, A., & Pérez-Tejero, D. (2025). Caracterización del voluntariado deportivo en España: La perspectiva de los empleadores. Retos, 72, 77–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v72.110118
CIEC. (2022). Perfiles de Asistentes e Impacto en la Economía del Distrito de los I Juegos Panamericanos Junior Santiago de Cali, 2021. Secretaría de Desarrollo Económico de Cali.
Cleland, C., Ellaway, A., Clark, J., & Kearns, A. (2019). Was Glasgow 2014 Inspirational? Exploring the Legacy Impacts of a Mega-Sport Event via the Theorized Demonstration and Festival Effects. Sport in Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2019.1571044
Concejo Distrital de Santiago de Cali. (2022). Acuerdo 0560 de 2022. Concejo Distrital de Santiago de Cali.
Csobán, K. V, & Serra, G. (2014). The Role of Small-Scale Sports Events in Developing Sustainable Sport Tourism – a Case Study of Fencing. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce. https://doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2014/4/3
Daniels, M. J., & Norman, W. C. (2003). Estimating the Economic Impacts of Seven Regular Sport Tourism Events. Journal of Sport & Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1080/1477508032000161528
Dickson, T. J., Darcy, S., & Walker, C. (2020). A Case of Leveraging a Mega-Sport Event for a Sport Participation and Sport Tourism Legacy: A Prospective Longitudinal Case Study of Whistler Adaptive Sports. Sustainability, 13(1), 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010170
Du, R., & Zhang, J. (2021). Super Bowl Participation and the Local Economy: Evidence From the Stock Market. Growth and Change. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12511
Duan, Y., Mastromartino, B., Zhang, J. J., & Liu, B. (2020). How Do Perceptions of Non-Mega Sport Events Impact Quality of Life and Support for the Event Among Local Residents? Sport in Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1804113
Espinal-Ruiz, D., Rojas, C., Brand, J., & Reyes, M. (2023). Development of elite athletes: An approach from the partial least square path modelling. Retos, 48, 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.93149
Espinal-Ruiz, D., Rojas-Núñez, C., Reyes-Velasco, M., Cruz-González, N., & Vélez-Sánchez, L. (2021). Influencia del desarrollo urbano sobre el legado sostenible de los eventos deportivos internacionales. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 16(50), 631–642. https://doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v16i50.1580
Ferreira, L., Lourenção, M., Giraldi, J., & Oliveira, J. (2018). Economic and image impacts of summer Olympic games in tourist destinations: a literature review. Tourism & Management Studies, 14(3), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2018.14305
Flyvbjerg, B. (2014). What You Should Know About Megaprojects and Why: An Overview. Project Management Journal, 45(2), 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmj.21409
Flyvbjerg, B., Budzier, A., & Lunn, D. (2020). Regression to the Tail : Why the Olympics Blow Up. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 0(0), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20958724
Girginov, V., & Hills, L. (2008). A Sustainable Sports Legacy: Creating a Link between the London Olympics and Sports Participation. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 2091–2116. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439015
Giulianotti, R., Armstrong, G., Hales, G. y Hobbs, D. (2015). Megaeventos deportivos y oposición pública: un estudio sociológico de los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012. Revista de deporte y temas sociales, 39(2), 99-119.
Golob, A., Lesjak, M., Fabjan, D., Jakulin, T. J., & Stamenković, I. (2015). Assessment of Sustainability of Sports Events (Slovenia). Turizam. https://doi.org/10.5937/turizam1502071g
Graeff, B., Ghiggi, M. V., & Knijnik, J. (2021). The Impact of a Sport Mega Event in the Right to Access Public Education: The Case of the Porto Alegre Communities Affected by the 2014 Brazil World Cup. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 45(5), 447–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/01937235211012183
Gratton, C., & Preuss, H. (2008). Maximizing Olympic Impacts by Building Up Legacies. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 1922–1938. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802439023
Grix, J. (2013). Sport Politics and the Olympics. Political Studies Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12001
Grix, J., Brannagan, P. M., Wood, H., & Wynne, C. (2017). State strategies for leveraging sports mega-events: unpacking the concept of ‘legacy.’ International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 9(2), 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2017.1316761
Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1994), Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings, 4 ed., Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, NY.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Horne, J. K. (2018). Sports Mega-Events – Three Sites of Contemporary Political Contestation. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203702734-2
Hoyos, L., Vera, D., & Fernandez, A. (2025). Juegos para panamericanos Juveniles Bogotá 2023. Perfil sociodemográfico, psicosocial y de entrenamiento de para-atletas. Retos, 71, 938–953. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v71.117364
Idrees, M., Bibi, M., Naveed, J., & Khan, A. (2021). Sports Tourism and Its Impact on Economic Growth of a Developing Nation. Sustainable Business and Society in Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.26710/sbsee.v3i4.2090
Kaplanidou, K. (2012). The importance of legacy outcomes for Olympic Games four summer host cities residents’ quality of life: 1996 – 2008. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(4), 397-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2012.693118
Karadakis, K. y Kaplanidou, K. (2012). Legacy perceptions among host and non-host Olympic Game as residents; a longitudinal study of the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12, 243–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2012.680067
Koenigstorfer, J., Bocarro, J. N., Byers, T., Edwards, M. B., Jones, G. J., & Preuss, H. (2019). Mapping research on legacy of mega sporting events: structural changes, consequences, and stakeholder evaluations in empirical studies. Leisure Studies, 38(6), 729–745. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1662830
Kokolakakis, T., Lera-López, F., & Ramchandani, G. (2019). Did London 2012 Deliver a Sports Participation Legacy? Sport Management Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.04.004
Könecke, T., & Nooij, M. de. (2022). Politicians’ Personal Legacies From Olympic Bids and Referenda—An Analysis of Individual Risks and Opportunities. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(12), 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15120594
Leopkey, B., & Parent, M. (2017). The governance of Olympic legacy: process, actors and mechanisms. Leisure Studies, 36(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1141973
Lin, H.-W., & Lu, H.-F. (2020). Does the legacy governance of major sporting events affect urban development? The stakeholder’s perspectives on the Taipei 2017 Universiade. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 22(1), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-02-2020-0022
Lintumäki, P., Winner, H., Scheiber, S. H., Mederle, A., & Schnitzer, M. (2020). The Economic Impact of Participant Sports Events: A Case Study for the Winter World Masters Games 2020 in Tyrol, Austria. Economies. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8040094
Liu, D., Broom, D., & Wilson, R. (2014). Legacy of the Beijing Olympic Games: a non-host city perspective. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(5), 485–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2014.947301
Ma, S. C., Egan, D., Rotherham, I., & Ma, S. M. (2011). A framework for monitoring during the planning stage for a sports mega-event. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.502576
Mitrofanova, I. V., Russkova, E. G., Batmanova, V. V., & Shkarupa, E. A. (2015). Drivers of the regional economic growth and the problem of “White Elephants” of the Russian Olympic megaproject “Sochi 2014.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4S2), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s2p267
Nair, G. K. (2021). Hosting Major International Sports Events in a Country: A Socioeconomic Impact. Emaj Emerging Markets Journal. https://doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2021.207
Njoroge, J. M., Atieno, L., & Nascimento, D. V. do. (2017). Sports Tourism and Perceived Socio-Economic Impact in Kenya: The Case of Machakos County. Tourism and Hospitality Management. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.23.2.9
Nordhagen, S. E. (2021). Leveraging Sporting Events to Create Sport Participation: A Case Study of the 2016 Youth Olympic Games. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2021.1891946
Orchard, J., & Orchard, J. (2016). Legacy of International Sporting Events. Canadian Medical Association Journal. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1150091
Orr, M., & Jarvis, N. (2018). Blinded by gold: Toronto sports community ignores negative legacies of 2015 Pan Am Games. Event Management, 22(3), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599518X15252008713173
Parra, D., Año, V., Calabuig, F., & Ayora, D. (2016). Residents perceptions about the legacy of America’s Cup | Percepción de los residentes sobre el legado de la America’s Cup. Cuadernos de Psicologia Del Deporte, 16(1), 325–338.
Preuss, H. (2007). The conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 12(3–4), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736957
Preuss, H. (2011). A method for calculating the crowdingout effect in sport mega-event impact studies: The 2010 FIFA world cup. Development Southern Africa, 28(3), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2011.595995
Preuss, H. (2018). Event legacy framework and measurement. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 11(1), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2018.1490336
Ranjan, W. (2016). A Study of Analysis and Evaluate Issues and Challenges in Sport Events. Iosr Journal of Sports and Physical Education. https://doi.org/10.9790/6737-03042529
Samuel, S. F., & Stubbs, W. (2012). Green Olympics, Green Legacies? An Exploration of the Environmental Legacies of the Olympic Games. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212444576
Santos, A. L. P. dos. (2019). Olympic Games Rio 2016: The Legacy for Coaches. Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2019-0007
Scheu, A., & Preuss, H. (2018). Residents’ perceptions of mega sport event legacies and impacts: The case of the Hamburg 2024 Olympic bid. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 48(3), 376–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-018-0499-y
Sebata, E. (2016). The Barcelona Effect on Uganda’s Sport Tourism Outlook: A Case of the 2015 Barcelona vs. Uganda Legends Match. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0269.1000200
Sunarti, V., Netra, Z., Hayati, R. H., Firmanjaya, A., & Rahmizal, M. (2025). Empowering communities through sports: Exploring the impact of physical activity on social and economic development. Retos, 69, 250–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v69.114511
Surahman, F., Rahayu, S., Nasuka, N., Sumartiningsih, S., Setyawati, H., Hidayah, T., Yeni, H. O., Ardiansyah, A., & Sabillah, M. I. (2025). Exploring the potential of natural resources and cultural heritage in Karimun regency (Indonesia): The road to sports tourism development. Retos, 69, 811–821. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v69.116326
Swart, K., Bob, U., Knott, B., & Salie, M. (2011). A Sport and Sociocultural Legacy Beyond 2010: A Case Study of the Football Foundation of South Africa. Development Southern Africa. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2011.595997
Teare, G., & Taks, M. (2021). Sport Events for Sport Participation: A Scoping Review. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.655579
Thomson, A., Schlenker, K., & Schulenkorf, N. (2013). Conceptualizing sport event legacy. Event Management, 17(2), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599513X13668224082260
Thomson, A., Toohey, K., & Darcy, S. (2021). The Political Economy of Mass Sport Participation Legacies From Large-Scale Sport Events: A Conceptual Paper. Journal of Sport Management, 35(4), 352–363. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0166
Wang, W., & Theodoraki, E. (2007). Mass Sport Policy Development in the Olympic City: The Case of Qingdao — Host to the 2008 Sailing Regatta. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466424007077345
Wicker, P. (2019). The carbon footprint of active sport participants. Sport Management Review, 22(4), 513–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.07.001
Zhang, J., Byon, K. K., Xu, K., & Huang, H. (2020). Event Impacts Associated With Residents’ Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions: A Pre-Post Study of the Nanjing Youth Olympic Games. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-03-2019-0027
Zhao, P., & Yu, H. (2025). Collaborative sport governance in IOC and the UN Women: A case study from the perspective of actor network theory. Retos, 68, 445–465. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.115235
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 Dario Espinal-Ruiz, Miguel Fernando Reyes-Velasco, Pablo Farias, Claudia Fernanda Rojas-Nuñez
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
