Uma análise de métodos mistos sobre as necessidades para o desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras manipulativas de alunos do ensino fundamental

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117911

Palavras-chave:

habilidades motoras manipulativas, diferenças de gênero, aprendizagem diferenciada, alunos do ensino fundamental, desenvolvimento motor

Resumo

Introdução: As competências motoras manipulativas são um aspeto importante do desenvolvimento motor em crianças e adolescentes do ensino básico.

Objectivo: Este estudo tem como objectivo analisar as diferenças nas competências motoras manipulativas entre estudantes varões e mulheres, e identificar os factores que influenciam estas diferenças.

Metodologia: Foi utilizado um desenho explicativo sequencial. Participou num total de 27 alunos de sexto grau primário. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Teste de Desenvolvimento Motor Grosso (TGMD) e entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise quantitativa foi realizada através de uma verificação para demonstrações independentes, enquanto os dados qualitativos foram analisados ​​tematicamente.

Resultados: Os estudantes varones obtiveram pontuações significativamente mais elevadas nas competências manipulativas do que as estudantes do sexo feminino. A análise qualitativa identificou três temas principais: (1) os varões tinham uma maior frequência de prática e interesse em jogos de balão; (2) as crianças experienciam barreiras físicas e preferências de atividade menos favoráveis; (3) as raparigas demonstraram uma perceção mais dominante e dificultada no movimento.

Discussão: Se destaca a importância de uma aprendizagem diferenciada que se tem em conta as diferenças de género, interesses e barreiras físicas no ex-aluno. É necessário que os professores ofereçam apoio e oportunidades equitativas para que todos os alunos, tanto crianças como crianças, possam desenvolver as suas capacidades de movimento manipulativo de uma forma óptima e inclusiva.

Conclusões: O género influencia as capacidades manipulativas do ex-aluno. É necessário desenvolver um modelo de ensino de educação física baseado em jogos grupais e diferenciados que permitam atender de maneira justa e eficaz as diferentes modalidades de movimento e o potencial individual de cada estudante.

Referências

Abusleme-Allimant, R., Hurtado-Almonacid, J., Reyes-Amigo, T., Yáñez-Sepúlveda, R., Cortés-Roco, G., Arroyo-Jofré, P., & Páez-Herrera, J. (2023). Effects of structured and unstructured physical ac-tivity on gross motor skills in preschool students to promote sustainability in the physical edu-cation classroom. Sustainability, 15(13), 10167. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310167

Anggara, N., Pratiwi, E., Juniarto, M., Juni Samodra, Y. T., Basuki, S., Indah, E. P., Herlinda Dos Santos, M., Defliyanto, D., Fitri Novita Sari, E., & Aspar, M. (2024). Implementation of manipulative basic movement learning model development for students aged 5-6 years. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7(4), 730–740. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1446438

Biino, V., Giustino, V., Gallotta, M. C., Bellafiore, M., Battaglia, G., Lanza, M., Baldari, C., Giuriato, M., Fi-glioli, F., Guidetti, L., & Schena, F. (2023). Effects of sports experience on children’s gross motor coordination level. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, 1310074. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1310074

Biino, V., Pesce, C., & Martins, C. (2025). Motor skill development at preschool age in girls and boys: The role of outdoor free play. Children, 12(5), 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050594

Blegur, J., & Hardiansyah, S. (2024). Differentiation instruction publications in physical education: Bi-bliometric analysis of the last ten years. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 18(3), 902–913. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v18i3.21307

Chen, J., Wang, X., Zhang, Z., & Chen, W. (2021). Assessing elementary school students’ manipulative skill competency in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3150. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063150

Chen, W., Mason, S., Hammond-Bennett, A., & Zalmout, S. (2016). Manipulative skill competency and health-related physical fitness in elementary school students. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5(4), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.03.007

Chen, W., Mason, S., Hypnar, A., & Bennett, A. (2016). Assessing motor skill competency in elementary school students: A three-year study. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 15, 102–110. http://www.jssm.org

Clark, C., Moran, J., Drury, B., Venetsanou, F., & Fernandes, J. (2018). Actual vs. perceived motor compe-tence in children (8–10 Years): An issue of non-veridicality. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 3(2), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3020020

Cohen, K. E., Morgan, P. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., Callister, R., & Lubans, D. R. (2014). Fundamental movement skills and physical activity among children living in low-income communities: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-49

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods ap-proaches (4th ed.). SAGE.

Dewi, R., & Verawati, I. (2021). The effect of manipulative games to improve fundamental motor skills in elementary school students. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 10(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.2163

Dinkel, D., & Snyder, K. (2020). Exploring gender differences in infant motor development related to parent’s promotion of play. Infant Behavior and Development, 59, 101440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101440

Field, S., & Temple, V. (2017). The relationship between fundamental motor skill proficiency and par-ticipation in organized sports and active recreation in middle childhood. Sports, 5(2), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5020043

Friskawati, G. F., Ma’mun, A., & Mahendra, A. (2023). Early childhood educators’ beliefs on increasing fundamental motor skills by playing games in a physical education context: The contradictory belief. Edu Sportivo: Indonesian Journal of Physical Education, 4(3), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.25299/esijope.2023.vol4(3).14540

Gidley Larson, J. C., Mostofsky, S. H., Goldberg, M. C., Cutting, L. E., Denckla, M. B., & Mahone, E. M. (2007). Effects of fender and age on motor exam in typically developing children. Developmen-tal Neuropsychology, 32(1), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565640701361013

Goodway, J. D., Ozmun, J. C., & Gallahue, D. L. (2019). Understanding motor development: Infants, chil-dren, adolescents, adults (8th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Gumilar, A., Hakiki, F., Kusuma, B. A., Sumpena, A., Firmansyah, H., Yudiana, Y., & Fajrah Ilsya, M. N. (2023). Identification of basic manipulative movement skills throwing, catching, kicking, and trapping in children aged 15-16 years. Journal of Physical Education for Secondary Schools, 3(1), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpess.v3i1.82598

He, Y., Zhou, L., Liang, W., Liu, Q., Liu, W., & Wang, S. (2024). Individual, family, and environmental co-rrelates of fundamental motor skills among school-aged children: a cross-sectional study in China. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17728-2

Huggett, E., & Howells, K. (2024). Supporting young children’s physical development through tailored motor competency interventions within a school setting. Children, 11(9), 1122. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091122

Hurtado-Almonacid, J., Reyes-Amigo, T., Yáñez-Sepúlveda, R., Cortés-Roco, G., Oñate-Navarrete, C., Oli-vares-Arancibia, J., & Páez-Herrera, J. (2024). Development of basic motor skills from 3 to 10 years of age: Comparison by sex and age range in Chilean children. Children, 11(6), 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060715

Irwandi, B., Nuryadi, & Gumilar, A. (2023). Keterampilan gerak manipulatif siswa sekolah dasar berda-sarkan gender pasca pandemi Covid-19. Gelanggang Olahraga: Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga (JPJO), 6(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.31539/jpjo.v6i2.6031

Ivankova, N. V., Creswell, J. W., & Stick, S. L. (2006). Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory de-sign: From theory to practice. Field Methods, 18(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05282260

Junaid, K. A., & Fellowes, S. (2006). Gender differences in the attainment of motor skills on the move-ment assessment battery for children. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics, 26(1–2), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/J006v26n01_02

Koolwijk, P., Hoeboer, J., Mombarg, R., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & de Vries, S. (2024). Fundamental move-ment skill interventions in young children: A systematic review. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 22(7), 1661–1683. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2023.2210597

Langelaan, B. N., Gaikhorst, L., Smets, W., & Oostdam, R. J. (2024). Differentiating instruction: Un-derstanding the key elements for successful teacher preparation and development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 140, 104464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104464

Magill, R. A. (2011). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Mahardika, I. M. S., Blegur, J., Berliana, Anaktotoy, J., Boleng, L. M., & Arhesa, S. (2024). Global transfor-mational leadership scale: Cross-cultural adaptation of Indonesian sports science student con-text. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 13(5), 3068–3080. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i5.29122

Moreno-Briseño, P., Díaz, R., Campos-Romo, A., & Fernandez-Ruiz, J. (2010). Sex-related differences in motor learning and performance. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-6-74

Mülazımoğlu Ballı, Ö. (2024). The predictive role of age, gender, and body mass index on motor profi-ciency of preschool children. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 19(62), 2180. https://doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v19i62.2180

Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A step-by-step process of thematic analysis to develop a conceptual model in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Met-hods, 22, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789

Razali, Blegur, J., Ma’mun, A., Berliana, Mahendra, A., Juliantine, T., Lubis, A. E., Prasetiyo, R., & Tlonaen, Z. A. (2024). Physical education teachers’ experiences in promoting life skills using differentia-ted instruction. Retos, 57, 641–654. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.106167

Robinson, L. E., Veldman, S. L. C., Palmer, K. K., & Okely, A. D. (2017). A ball skills intervention in pres-choolers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(11), 2234–2239. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001339

Russo, G., De Matteis, F., Oparina, E., Ceciliani, A., & Bigliassi, M. (2025). Exploring the relationship bet-ween physical activity behavior, sport modality, and higher-order psychosocial skills in chil-dren. Heliyon, 11(13), e43739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e43739

Satrianingsih, B. (2024). Profile of motor skills of elementary school students. International Sport Edelweiss Journal, 1(2), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.69543/j1qz6p34

Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpreta-tion. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763–1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864

Sutapa, P., Pratama, K. W., Rosly, M. M., Ali, S. K. S., & Karakauki, M. (2021). Improving motor skills in early childhood through goal-oriented play activity. Children, 8(11), 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8110994

Tomlinson, C. A. (2014). The differentiated classroom: Responding to the needs of all learners (2nd ed.). Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Ulrich, D. A. (1985). Test of gross motor development. PRO-ED, Inc.

Webster, E. K., Martin, C. K., & Staiano, A. E. (2019). Fundamental motor skills, screen-time, and physi-cal activity in preschoolers. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.006

Wick, K., Leeger-Aschmann, C. S., Monn, N. D., Radtke, T., Ott, L. V., Rebholz, C. E., Cruz, S., Gerber, N., Schmutz, E. A., Puder, J. J., Munsch, S., Kakebeeke, T. H., Jenni, O. G., Granacher, U., & Kriemler, S. (2017). Interventions to promote fundamental movement skills in childcare and kindergarten: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(10), 2045–2068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0723-1

Yang, Y., Mao, X., Li, W., Wang, B., & Fan, L. (2025). A meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity programs on fundamental movement skills in 3–7-year-old children. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1489141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1489141

Zheng, Y., Ye, W., Korivi, M., Liu, Y., & Hong, F. (2022). Gender differences in fundamental motor skills proficiency in children aged 3–6 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8318. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148318

Downloads

Publicado

25-11-2025

Edição

Secção

Artigos de caráter científico: trabalhos de pesquisas básicas e/ou aplicadas.

Como Citar

Razali, R., Sofyan, S., Syamsulrizal, S., Blegur, J., Akbari, M., Ambia, F., & Fajrial, J. (2025). Uma análise de métodos mistos sobre as necessidades para o desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras manipulativas de alunos do ensino fundamental. Retos, 73, 1592-1606. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117911