Resumo das evidências sobre respostas e adaptações derivadas do treinamento CrossFit. Uma revisão sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v46.93442Palavras-chave:
Crossfit, Acute responses, Chronic adaptations, Physiology, PsychologyResumo
Objetivo: A presente revisão tem como objetivo descrever o estado das evidências científicas existentes sobre as adaptações agudas e crônicas do treinamento CrossFit. Método: Este estudo foi conduzido de acordo com a declaração Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Os artigos de pesquisa originais publicados até 7 de junho de 2020 foram pesquisados usando cinco bancos de dados. Foram encontradas 994 publicações originais. Um total de 62 artigos atendeu aos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: Efeitos a curto prazo: O treinamento CrossFit resulta em maiores demandas fisiológicas do que outras modalidades de treinamento. Diferentes trabalhos do dia analisados pelos estudos mostraram perfis específicos de demanda de desempenho. Além disso, efeitos agudos psicológicos e mecânicos foram encontrados após as sessões de CrossFit. Assim, a percepção de humores negativos parece diminuir após uma sessão de treinamento de CrossFit. Efeitos a longo prazo: o consumo máximo de oxigênio melhora após programas de CrossFit, nos quais atletas experientes parecem obter um ganho maior do que atletas recreativos. Mudanças importantes na composição corporal foram relatadas por vários estudos incluídos nesta revisão. Do ponto de vista psicológico, os praticantes de CrossFit obtêm uma maior adesão ao treinamento do que ocorre em outras metodologias de treinamento. Perspectivas e projetos: Requisitos específicos de cada trabalho do dia devem ser estudados para a correta administração aos participantes. Os índices de fadiga acumulada devem ser explorados como uma síndrome de overtraining em atletas de CrossFit, pois vários autores relataram variáveis psicológicas relacionadas ao vício em treinamento. Conclusão: O treinamento baseado em CrossFit gera diversas mudanças fisiológicas que podem ser influenciadas pela experiência do atleta. Além disso, esse tipo de treinamento exige uma alta demanda fisiológica, que é percebida pelos atletas. Apesar disso, os participantes alcançam a adesão ao CrossFit independentemente de seus objetivos. No caso de atletas de alto rendimento, foram identificados comportamentos de exercício viciante
Referências
Abdullah, M. R., Maliki, A. B. H. M., Musa, R. M., Kosni, N. A., Juahir, H., & Mohamed, S. B. (2017). Identification and comparative analysis of essential performance indicators in two levels of soccer expertise. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 7(1), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.7.1.1150
Adami, P. E., Rocchi, J. E., Melke, N., De Vito, G., Bernardi, M., & Macaluso, A. (2022). Physiological profile comparison between high intensity functional training, endurance and power athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(2), 531–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04858-3
Andrade, L. N. de, Teixeira, R. V., & Carlos, P. S. (2018). Relação entre a flexibilidade e a força entre praticantes de crossfit. Motricidade, 14(1), 279–283.
Ayar, H. (2018). Effects of motivation in participating to crossfit centers with the purpose of recreative exercise. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Scienc, 4(1), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1147142
Bahremand, M., Hakak, E., & Moazzami, M. (2020). A comparison of CrossFit and concurrent training on myonectin, insulin resistance and physical performance in healthy young women. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 0(0), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/13813455.2020.1853173
Barbieri, J. F., Figueiredo, G. T. da C., Castano, L. A. A., Guimaraes, P. dos S., Ferreira, R. R., Ahmadi, S., … de Moraes, A. C. (2019). A comparison of cardiorespiratory responses between crossfit® practitioners and recreationally trained individual. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(3), 1606–1611. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.03233
Bellar, D., Hatchett, A., Judge, L. W., Breaux, M. E., & Marcus, L. (2015). Herthe relationship of aerobic capacity, anaerobic peak power and experience to performance in CrossFit exercise. Biology of Sport, 32(4), 315–320. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1174771
Borras, P. A., Herrera, J., & Ponseti, F. J. (2017). Effects of crossfit lessons in physical education on the aerobic capacity of young students. Journal of Physical Education & Health, 6(10), 5–11.
Box, A. G., Feito, Y., Brown, C., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2019). Individual differences influence exercise behavior: how personality, motivation, and behavioral regulation vary among exercise mode preferences. Heliyon, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01459
Box, A. G., Feito, Y., Petruzzello, S. J., & Mangine, G. T. (2018). Mood state changes accompanying the crossfit openTM competition in healthy adults. Sports, 6(3), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6030067
Butcher, S. J., Judd, T. B., Benko, C. R., Horvey, K. J., & Pshyk, A. D. (2015). Relative Intensity of Two Types of CrossFit Exercise: Acute Circuit and High-Intensity Interval Exercise. Journal of Fitness Research, 4(2), 3–15.
Butcher, S., Neyedly, T., Horvey, K., & Benko, C. (2015). Do physiological measures predict selected CrossFit® benchmark performance? Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 241. https://doi.org/10.2147/oajsm.s88265
Bycura, D., Feito, Y., & Prather, C. (2017). Motivational Factors in CrossFit ® Training Participation. Health Behavior and Policy Review, 4(6), 539–550. https://doi.org/10.14485/hbpr.4.6.4
Carnes, A. J., & Mahoney, S. E. (2019). Polarized versus high-intensity multimodal training in recreational runners. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(1), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0040
Chacao, M., Hech, F., Steclan, C., Romero, A., & Rogério, D. (2019). Perfil de composição corporal e de somatotipo de praticantes de CrossFit®. Revista Brasileira De Prescrição E Fisiologia Do Exercício, 13(82), 221–232.
Cherif, A., Meeusen, R., Ryu, J., Taylor, L., Farooq, A., Kammoun, K., … Chamari, K. (2018). Repeated-sprints exercise in daylight fasting: Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not affect sprint and reaction time performance. Biology of Sport, 35(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2018.77824
Costa, F., & Parodi, C. M. (2021). Effects of traditional strength training vs CrossFit on different expressions of strength. Retos, 2041, 182–188.
Coyne, P., & Woodruff, S. J. (2020). Examining the influence of crossfit participation on body image, self-esteem, and eating behaviours among women. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(3), 1314–1325. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2020.03183
Crawford, D., Drake, N., Carper, M., DeBlauw, J., & Heinrich, K. (2018). Are Changes in Physical Work Capacity Induced by High-Intensity Functional Training Related to Changes in Associated Physiologic Measures? Sports, 6(2), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6020026
Davies, M., Coleman, L., & Stellino, M. B. (2016). The relationship between basic psychological need satisfaction, behavioral regulation, and Participation in CrossFit. Journal of Sport Behavior, 39(3), 239–254.
De Luccia, T. P. (2016). Use of the Testosterone/Cortisol Ratio Variable in Sports. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 9(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01609010104
De Morton, N. A. (2009). The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 55(2), 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-9514(09)70043-1
Dehghanzadeh, R., Mohsenzade, M., Tibana, R. A., & Ahmadizad, S. (2021). Effects of CrossFit training on lipid profiles, body composition and physical fitness in overweight men. Sport Sciences for Health, 17(4), 855–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-020-00704-9
Di Lodovico, L., Poulnais, S., & Gorwood, P. (2019). Which sports are more at risk of physical exercise addiction: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 93, 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.12.030
Dominski, F. H., Serafim, T. T., Siqueira, T. C., & Andrade, A. (2021). Psychological variables of CrossFit participants: a systematic review. Sport Sciences for Health, 17(1), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-020-00685-9
Drake, N., Smeed, J., Carper, M. J., & Crawford, D. A. (2017). Effects of Short-Term CrossFit TM Training: A Magnitude-Based Approach. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 20(2), 111–133.
Drum, S. N., Bellovary, B. N., Jensen, R. L., Moore, M. T., & Donath, L. (2017). Perceived demands and postexercise physical dysfunction in CrossFit® compared to an ACSM based training session. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(5), 604–609. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06243-5
Escobar, K. A., Morales, J., & Vandusseldorp, T. A. (2017). Metabolic profile of a crossfit training bout. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 1248–1255. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2017.124.11
Faelli, E., Bisio, A., Codella, R., Ferrando, V., Perasso, L., Panascì, M., … Ruggeri, P. (2020). Acute and chronic catabolic responses to crossfit® and resistance training in young males. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197172
Fealy, C. E., Nieuwoudt, S., Foucher, J. A., Scelsi, A. R., Malin, S. K., Pagadala, M., … Kirwan, J. P. (2018). Functional high-intensity exercise training ameliorates insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes. Experimental Physiology, 103(7), 985–994. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP086844
Feito, Y., Giardina, Michael J., Butcher, S., Mangine, G. T. (2018). Repeated anaerobic Tests predicts performance among a group of advanced CFTrained Athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 44(7), 727–735.
Feito, Y., Patel, P., Sal Redondo, A., & Heinrich, K. M. (2019). Effects of Eight Weeks of High Intensity Functional Training on Glucose Control and Body Composition among Overweight and Obese Adults. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 7(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7020051
Fernández-Fernández, J., Sabido, R., Moya, D., Sarabia, J., & Moya-Ramon, M. (2015). Acute physiological responses during crossfit® workouts. Motricidad - European Journal of Human Movement, 35(35), 114–124.
Fisher, J., Sales, A., Carlson, L., & Steele, J. (2017). A comparison of the motivational factors between CrossFit participants and other resistance exercise modalities: A pilot study. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 57(9), 1227–1234. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06434-3
Foster, C., Florhaug, J. A., Franklin, J., Gottschall, L., Hrovatin, L. A., Parker, S., … Dodge, C. (2001). A New Approach to Monitoring Exercise Training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2001)015<0109:ANATME>2.0.CO;2
Freire, G. L. M., Da Silva Paulo, J. R., Da Silva, A. A., Batista, R. P. R., Alves, J. F. N., & Do Nascimento Junior, J. R. A. (2020). Body dissatisfaction, addiction to exercise and risk behaviour for eating disorders among exercise practitioners. Journal of Eating Disorders, 8(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00300-9
Heinrich, K. M., Crawford, D. A., Langford, C. R., Kehler, A., & Andrews, V. (2021). High-Intensity Functional Training Shows Promise for Improving Physical Functioning and Activity in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Pilot Study. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 44(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1519/JPT.0000000000000251
Heinrich, K. M., Patel, P. M., O’Neal, J. L., & Heinrich, B. S. (2014). High-intensity compared to moderate-intensity training for exercise initiation, enjoyment, adherence, and intentions: An intervention study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-789
Isidori, A. M., Giannetta, E., Greco, E. A., Gianfrilli, D., Bonifacio, V., Isidori, A., … Fabbri, A. (2005). Effects of testosterone on body composition, bone metabolism and serum lipid profile in middle-aged men: A meta-analysis. Clinical Endocrinology, 63(3), 280–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02339.x
Jiménez-Reyes, P., Samozino, P., García-Ramos, A., Cuadrado-Peñafiel, V., Brughelli, M., & Morin, J. B. (2018). Relationship between vertical and horizontal force-velocity-power profiles in various sports and levels of practice. PeerJ, 2018(11), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5937
Kliszczewicz, B., John, Q. C., Daniel, B. L., Gretchen, O. D., Michael, E. R., & Kyle, T. J. (2015). Acute Exercise and Oxidative Stress: CrossFitTM vs. Treadmill Bout. Journal of Human Kinetics, 47(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0064
Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 35(4), 339–361. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535040-00004
Lichtenstein, M. B., & Jensen, T. T. (2016). Exercise addiction in CrossFit: Prevalence and psychometric properties of the Exercise Addiction Inventory. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 3, 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2016.02.002
Maia, N. M., Kassiano, W., Assumpção, C. O., Andrade, A. D., Fernandes, R. J., de Jesus, K., … Medeiros, A. I. A. (2019). Neuromuscular and autonomic responses during a crossfit® competition: A case study. Trends in Sport Sciences, 26(4), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.23829/TSS.2019.26.4-4
Mangine, G. T., Cebulla, B., & Feito, Y. (2018). Normative Values for Self-Reported Benchmark Workout Scores in CrossFit® Practitioners. Sports Medicine - Open, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-018-0156-x
Mangine, G. T., Stratton, M. T., Almeda, C. G., Roberts, M. D., Esmat, T. A., VanDusseldorp, T. A., & Feito, Y. (2020). Physiological differences between advanced CrossFit athletes, recreational CrossFit participants, and physically-active adults. PLoS ONE, 15(4), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223548
Marin, D. P., Polito, L. F. T., Foschini, D., Urtado, C. B., & Otton, R. (2018). Motives, Motivation and Exercise Behavioral Regulations in CrossFit and Resistance Training Participants. Psychology, 09(14), 2869–2884. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.914166
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2014). Designing qualitative research. Sage publications.
Martínez-Gómez, R., Valenzuela, P. L., Alejo, L. B., Gil-Cabrera, J., Montalvo-Pérez, A., Talavera, E., … Barranco-Gil, D. (2019). Physiological predictors of competitive performance in CrossFit® athletes. BioRxiv, 17, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.16.877928
Martínez-Gómez, R., Valenzuela, P. L., Barranco-Gil, D., Moral-González, S., García-González, A., & Lucia, A. (2019). Full-Squat as a Determinant of Performance in CrossFit. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(9), 592–596. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0960-9717
Maté-Muñoz, J. L., Lougedo, J. H., Barba, M., Cañuelo-Márquez, A. M., Guodemar-Pérez, J., García-Fernández, P., … Garnacho-Castaño, M. V. (2018). Cardiometabolic and muscular fatigue responses to different crossfit® workouts. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 17(4), 668–679.
Mudali, S., & Dobs, A. S. (2004). Effects of testosterone on body composition of the aging male. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 125(4), 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2004.01.004
Murawska-Cialowicz, E., Wojna, J., & Zuwala-Jagiello, J. (2015). CrossFit training changes brain-derived neurotrophic factor and irisin levels at rest, after wingate and progressive tests, and improves aerobic capacity and body composition of young physically active men and women. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 66(6), 811–821.
Osipov, A. Y., Nagovitsyn, R. S., Zekrin, F. H., Fendel, T. V., Zubkov, D. A., & Zhavner, T. V. (2019). CrossFit training impact on the level of special physical fitness of young athletes practicing judo. Sport Mont, 17(3), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.191014
Paine, J., Uptgraft, J., & Wylie, R. (2010). CrossFit study. Command and General Staff College, 1–34.
Partridge, J. A., Knapp, B. A., & Massengale, B. D. (2014). An investigation of motivational variables in CrossFit facilities. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(6), 1714–1721. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000288
Perciavalle, V., Marchetta, N. S., Giustiniani, S., Borbone, C., Perciavalle, V., Petralia, M. C., … Coco, M. (2016). Attentive processes, blood lactate and CrossFit®. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 44(4), 403–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2016.1222852
Pereira, E. S., Neto, W. K., Calefi, A. S., Georgetti, M., Guerreiro, L., Zocoler, C. A. S., & Gama, E. F. (2019). Extreme conditioning training: Acute effects on mood state. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte, 25(2), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220192502197823
Perna, S., Bologna, C., Agosti, I. D., & Rondanelli, M. (2018). High intensity crossfit training compared to high intensity swimming: A pre-post trial to assess the impact on body composition, muscle strength and resting energy expenditure. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 9(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.13843
Pickett, A. C., Goldsmith, A., Damon, Z., & Walker, M. (2016). The Influence of Sense of Community on the Perceived Value of Physical Activity: A Cross-Context Analysis. Leisure Sciences, 38(3), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1090360
Poderoso, R., Cirilo-Sousa, M., Júnior, A., Novaes, J., Vianna, J., Dias, M., … Vilaça-Alves, J. (2019). Gender differences in chronic hormonal and immunological responses to crossfit®. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142577
Powers, S. K., & Jackson, M. J. (2008). Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production. Physiological Reviews, 88(4), 1243–1276. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00031.2007
Prado-Dantas, T. S., Aidar, F. J., De Souza, R. F., De Matos, D., Ferreira, A. R. P., De Almeida, N., … Da Silva, W. M. (2018). Evaluation of a CrossFit® Session on Post- Exercise Blood Pressure. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 21(1), 44–51.
Prado-Dantas, T., Aidar, F. J., de Matos, D., Almeida, H., Rodrigues, C., & Monteiro, W. (2018). Avaliação da força, potência e temperatura corporal em uma sessão de crossfit Assessment of body strength, power and temperature in a crossfit session. Edições Desafio Singular, 14(1), 311–315.
Rivera, M. A., & Upchurch, R. (2008). The role of research in the hospitality industry: A content analysis of the IJHM between 2000 and 2005. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(4), 632–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.08.008
Sánchez-Alcaraz Martínez, B. J., & Gómez-Mármol, A. (2015). Percepción de esfuerzo, diversión y aprendizaje en alumnos de educación secundaria en las clases de Educación Física durante una Unidad Didáctica de CrossFit. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias Del Deporte, 4(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.6018/239841
Shaw, B. S., Dullabh, M., Forbes, G., Brandkamp, J. L., & Shaw, I. (2015). Analysis of physiological determinants during a single bout of crossfit. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 15(3), 809–815. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868832
Sibley, B. A., & Bergman, S. M. (2018). What keeps athletes in the gym? Goals, psychological needs, and motivation of CrossFitTM participants. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(5), 555–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2017.1280835
Simão, R., Lemos, A., Salles, B., Leite, T., Oliveira, É., Rhea, M., & Reis, V. M. (2011). The influence of strength, flexibility, and simultaneous training on flexibility and strength gains. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1333–1338. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181da85bf
Smith, M. M., Sommer, A. J., Starkoff, B. E., & Devor, S. T. (2013). CrossFit-based high-intensity power training improves maximal aerobic fitness and body composition. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(11), 3159–3172. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318289e59f
Stracciolini, A., Quinn, B., Zwicker, R. L., Howell, D. R., & Sugimoto, D. (2020). Part I: CrossFit-Related Injury Characteristics Presenting to Sports Medicine Clinic. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine/ : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 30(2), 102–107. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000805
Tafuri, S., Notarnicola, A., Monno, A., Ferretti, F., & Moretti, B. (2016). CrossFit athletes exhibit high symmetry of fundamental movement patterns. A cross-sectional study. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 6(1), 157–160. https://doi.org/10.11138/mltj/2016.6.1.157
Tibana, R. A., de Farias, D. L., Nascimento, D. C., Da Silva Grigoletto, M. E., & Prestes, J. (2018). Relação da força muscular com o desempenho no levantamento olímpico em praticantes de CrossFit®. Revista Andaluza de Medicina Del Deporte, 11(2), 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ramd.2015.11.005
Tibana, R. A., de Almeida, L. M., Frade, N. M., Nascimento, D. da C., Neto, I. V. d. S., de Almeida, J. A., … Prestes, J. (2016). Two Consecutive Days of Extreme Conditioning Program Training Affects Pro and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Osteoprotegerin without Impairments in Muscle Power. Frontiers in Physiology, 7(June), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00260
Tibana, R. A., de Sousa, I. V., de Sousa, N. M. F., dos Santos, W. M., Prestes, J., Neto, J. H. F., … Voltarelli, F. A. (2022). Time-course effects of functional fitness sessions performed at different intensities on the metabolic, hormonal, and BDNF responses in trained men. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 14(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00412-6
Tibana, R. A., Neto, I. V. de S., de Sousa, N. M. F., Romeiro, C., Hanai, A., Brandão, H., … Voltarelli, F. A. (2021). Local muscle endurance and strength had strong relationship with CrossFit® open 2020 in amateur athletes. Sports, 9(7), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9070098
Tibana, R. A., Sousa, N. M. F. de, Cunha, G. V., & Prestes, J. (2017). Correlação das variaveis antropométricas e fisiológicas com o desempenho do CrossFit. Revista Brasileira De Prescrição E Fisiologia Do Exercício, 11(70), 880–887.
Toskovic, N. N., Blessing, D., & Williford, H. N. (2002). The effect of experience and gender on cardiovascular and metabolic responses with dynamic Tae kwon do exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(2), 278–285. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2002)016<0278:TEOEAG>2.0.CO;2
Urrútia, G., & Bonfill, X. (2010). PRISMA declaration: A proposal to improve the publication of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Medicina Clinica, 135(11), 507–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2010.01.015
Wasfy, M. M., & Baggish, A. L. (2016). Exercise Dose in Clinical Practice. Circulation, 133(23), 2297–2313. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.018093
Weisenthal, B. M., Beck, C. A., Maloney, M. D., DeHaven, K. E., & Giordano, B. D. (2014). Injury rate and patterns among crossfit athletes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967114531177
Wilke, J., Pfarr, T., & Möller, M. D. (2020). Even warriors can be scared: A survey assessing anxiety and coping skills in competitive crossfit athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061874
Woolf, J., & Lawrence, H. (2017). Social identity and athlete identity among CrossFit members: an exploratory study on the CrossFit Open. Managing Sport and Leisure, 22(3), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2017.1415770
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2022 Desafios
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-SemDerivações 4.0.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e assegurar a revista o direito de ser a primeira publicação da obra como licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite que outros para compartilhar o trabalho com o crédito de autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Os autores podem estabelecer acordos adicionais separados para a distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicado na revista (por exemplo, a um repositório institucional, ou publicá-lo em um livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- É permitido e os autores são incentivados a divulgar o seu trabalho por via electrónica (por exemplo, em repositórios institucionais ou no seu próprio site), antes e durante o processo de envio, pois pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como a uma intimação mais Cedo e mais do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre) (em Inglês).
Esta revista é a "política de acesso aberto" de Boai (1), apoiando os direitos dos usuários de "ler, baixar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, pesquisar, ou link para os textos completos dos artigos". (1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
