Efectos del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (HIIT) sobre los marcadores cardiometabólicos en niños y adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesidad: una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v79.116869Palabras clave:
adolescencia, Entrenamiento Interválico de Alta Intensidad (HIIT), obesidad, sobrepeso, biomarcadores cardiometabólicosResumen
Introducción: el entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (hiit) ha sido propuesto como una estrategia eficiente para mejorar la salud cardiometabólica en población pediátrica con sobrepeso u obesidad.
Objetivo: analizar el impacto del hiit sobre biomarcadores cardiometabólicos y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en adolescentes de 7 a 19 años con sobrepeso u obesidad.
metodología: se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo las directrices prisma. los criterios de elegibilidad se definieron mediante el enfoque picot. la calidad metodológica fue evaluada con la escala mmat (2018). la búsqueda en pubmed identificó 27 estudios, de los cuales 6 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados cumplieron los criterios de inclusión.
Resultados: los estudios aplicaron intervenciones de hiit con una frecuencia mínima de dos sesiones semanales. se evaluaron variables como perfil lipídico, resistencia a la insulina, presión arterial y vo₂peak. los resultados muestran mejoras consistentes en la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, mientras que los efectos sobre otros biomarcadores fueron variables.
Discusión: la heterogeneidad en la duración de los protocolos y la frecuencia de entrenamiento podría explicar la variabilidad en los resultados cardiometabólicos observados.
Conclusiones: el hiit es una estrategia prometedora para mejorar la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en adolescentes con sobrepeso u obesidad, aunque su efectividad sobre otros biomarcadores depende del diseño del programa. su implementación podría optimizarse mediante intervenciones multidimensionales que integren componentes educativos, conductuales y familiares, junto con protocolos estandarizados y mediciones corporales más precisas.
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