Influencia de los hábitos alimenticios, el tiempo frente a la pantalla y el sueño en variables antropométricas, la condición física y la competencia motora en niños en edad preescolar

Autores/as

  • Andrés Godoy Cumillaf
  • Paola Fuentes Merino
  • Josivaldo de Souza-Lima
  • Catalina Muñoz-Strale
  • Frano Giakoni-Ramírez
  • Maribel Parra-Saldías
  • Daniel Duclos-Bastías
  • José Bruneau-Chávez
  • Eugenio Merellano-Navarro

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v79.118228

Palabras clave:

Dinamometría, velocidad/agilidad, lanzar, atrapar, equilibrio

Resumen

Introducción: La primera infancia es una etapa clave para establecer conductas de salud fundamentales, en donde los factores del estilo de vida como los hábitos alimenticios, el tiempo frente a pantallas y los patrones de sueño interactúan para moldear los resultados de salud a largo plazo.

Objetivo: determinar las asociaciones entre hábitos alimenticios, tiempo frente a pantallas y sueño con indicadores antropométricos, condición física y competencia motora gruesa en niños en edad preescolar.

Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra no probabilística de 363 niños de 4 a 7 años procedentes de varias comunas del sur de Chile. Se evaluaron variables antropométricas (peso, altura, IMC, circunferencia de cintura), condición física (fuerza muscular, velocidad/agilidad) y competencia motora gruesa. Los padres completaron cuestionarios sobre hábitos alimenticios, tiempo frente a pantallas y duración del sueño.

Las diferencias entre grupos se analizaron por edad y nivel de adherencia utilizando las pruebas t de Student y ANOVA.

Resultados: No se observaron diferencias significativas según el cumplimiento del tiempo de pantalla. Surgieron diferencias limitadas en los hábitos dietéticos, incluyendo la altura entre niños de 5 años (p=0,039) y el rendimiento en salto entre niños de 6 años (p=0,040).

Discusión: Las asociaciones fueron en general débiles, probablemente influenciadas por sesgos parentales que subestimaban conductas poco saludables.

Conclusiones: Los factores de estilo de vida mostraron asociaciones mínimas con resultados antropométricos y funcionales, siendo el sueño el predictor más consistente de un desarrollo favorable.

Referencias

Argumedo, G., López, Y., Taylor, J. R., Ortiz Brunel, J., Gaytán-González, A., González-Casanova, I., Gonzá-lez Villalobos, M. F., Jáuregui, A., Jáuregui Ulloa, E., Medina, C., Pacheco Miranda, Y. S., Pérez Ro-dríguez, M., Retano Pelayo, R. A., Rodríguez Martínez, M. D. P., & Galaviz, K. I. (2024). Results from the 2022 Mexican report card on physical activity for children and adolescents. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1304719. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1304719

Bakht, D., Yousaf, F., Alvi, Z., Ali, M. K. B., Khawar, M. M. H., Munir, L., et al. (2025). Assessing the impact of screen time on the motor development of children: A systematic review. Pediatric Discovery, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/pdi3.70002

Barboza, L. L. S., De Oliveira Araujo, R. H., Pessoa, M. L. F., Da Silva, D. R. P., & De Lucena Martins, C. M. (2025). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of physical activity in South American children. American Journal of Human Biology, 37(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.70112

Bermejo-Cantarero, A., Segovia, Y., Redondo-Tébar, A., Díez-Fernández, A., Visier-Alfonso, M. E., & Sánchez-López, M. (2025). Screen time, physical activity, and health-related quality of life in early childhood: A cross-sectional study of Spanish preschoolers. BMC Public Health, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23429-1

Bloch, M., Cordovil, R., Rodrigues, L. P., Martins, C., Braga, M. L., Vale, S., et al. (2025). The impact of a school-based physical activity program on children's movement behaviors, aerobic fitness and motor competence: A follow-up study. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1541862

Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Martinez-Tellez, B., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Castro-Piñero, J., Löf, M., Ruiz, J. R., & Ortega, F. B. (2016). Assessing physical fitness in preschool children: Feasibility, reliability and practical recommendations for the PREFIT battery. Journal of Science and Medi-cine in Sport, 19, 910–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.02.003

Carson, V., Chaput, J. P., Janssen, I., & Tremblay, M. S. (2017). Health associations with meeting new 24-hour movement guidelines for Canadian children and youth. Preventive Medicine, 95, 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.005

Chaput, J.-P., Willumsen, J., Bull, F., Chou, R., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Jago, R., Ortega, F. B., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Loos, R. J. F., Martin, B. W., Ng, S. S., Olds, T., Onywera, V., Sallis, J. F., Tremblay, M. S., Uddin, R., van der Ploeg, H. P., Wiersma, R., & Guthold, R. (2020). 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activi-ty and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5–17 years, adults and older adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451–1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955

Cioffredi, L.-A., Garner, B., Maxwell, J. R., Merhar, S., Peralta-Carcelen, M., Scott, L. S., et al. (2024). Infant and early childhood physical health assessments in the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101414

Drenowatz, C., Ferrari, G., Matolic, T., Greier, M., & Greier, K. (2024). Association of physical fitness and diet with body weight in Austrian adolescents. Nutrients, 16(23), 4209. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234209

Ekubagewargies, D. T., Ahmed, F., & Lee, P. (2025). Effectiveness of peer-led interventions in improving the dietary behavior of adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic re-view. Nutrition Reviews, 83(7), 1183–1197. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf037

Gallotta, M. C., Zimatore, G., Cardinali, L., Falcioni, L., Bonavolontà, V., & Curzi, D., et al. (2022). Physical education on the beach: An alternative way to improve primary school children’s skill- and health-related outcomes during the COVID‐19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmen-tal Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063680

Gkintoni, E., Vantaraki, F., Skoulidi, C., Anastassopoulos, P., Vantarakis, A., & Gkintoni, E., et al. (2024). Promoting physical and mental health among children and adolescents via gamification: A con-ceptual systematic review. Behavioral Sciences, 14(2), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020102

Gomes, G. M. D., Souza, R. C. V., Santos, T. N., Santos, L. C., Gomes, G. M. D., Souza, R. C. V., et al. (2024). Screen exposure in 4-year-old children: Association with development, daily habits, and ultra-processed food consumption. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(11), 1504. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111504

Hasanović, J., Križan, H., Šatalić, Z., & Musić Milanović, S. (2025). Exploring dietary patterns and their associations with obesity in school-aged children in Croatia: A cross-sectional CroCOSI study. Dietetics, 4(3), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040657

Henderson, S., Sugden, D., & Barnett, A. (2007). Movement Assessment Battery for Children–2: Examin-er’s manual.Harcourt Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1037/t55281-000

Iglesias-Vázquez, L., Garcidueñas-Fimbres, T. E., Gómez-Martínez, C., Castro-Collado, C., Leis, R., Fer-nández de la Puente, M., et al. (2025). Sleep duration moderates association between screen time and emotional and behavioural problems in young children. World Journal of Pediat-rics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-025-00963-x

Larson, R. B. (2019). Controlling social desirability bias. International Journal of Market Research, 61(5), 534–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785318805305

López-Gil, J. F., Mesas, A. E., Álvarez-Bueno, C., Pascual-Morena, C., Saz-Lara, A., & Cavero-Redondo, I. (2022). Association between eating habits and perceived school performance: A cross-sectional study among 46,455 adolescents from 42 countries. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.797415

Mendoza-Castejón, D., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2020). Autonomic profile, physical activity, body mass index and academic performance of school students. Sustainability, 12(17), 6718. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176718

Nagata, J. M., Smith, N., Alsamman, S., Lee, C. M., Dooley, E. E., & Kiss, O., et al. (2023). Association of physical activity and screen time with body mass index among U.S. adolescents. JAMA Network Open, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.55466

Nguyen, P., Nguyen, D. X., Le, L. K.-D., Ananthapavan, J., Na, P. D., & Tang, H. K. (2023). Results from Viet Nam’s 2022 report card on physical activity for children and youth. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2022.11.002

Nie, Y., Tan, Q., Son, P., Staiano, A. E., Rosenkranz, R. R., Spring, K. E., et al. (2025). Testing an adapted obesity prevention intervention in under-resourced schools: A pilot clustered randomized con-trolled trial. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16754-

Nyawose, Z. Z., Naidoo, R., Christie, C., Bassett, S., Coetzee, D., van Gent, M., Monyeki, A., Gradidge, P., Janse van Rensburg, C., Cozett, C., Young, M., Slemming, W., Morrow, L., Pienaar, A., Krog, S., Wal-ter, C., Kholvadia, A., De Milander, M., Naidoo, N., & Lambert, E. V. (2024). Results from South Af-rica's 2022 Healthy Active Kids' Report Card on physical activity, body composition proxies, and nutritional status in children and adolescents. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 21(9), 861–871. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2023-0708

Oginni, J., Aoko, O., Ajiborisade, E., Osuji, C., Okely, A. D., Chong, K. H., et al. (2025). Geographic dispari-ties in physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep time, and gross motor skills in Nigerian pre-schoolers. Frontiers in Public Health, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1506705

Orgilés, M., Amorós-Reche, V., Francisco, R., Godinho, C., Delvecchio, E., Mazzeschi, C., et al. (2025). Be-yond the pandemic: Tracing the evolution of activity, screen time, and sleep in European chil-dren over 3 years. European Journal of Pediatrics, 184(10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-025-06458-1

Ortega, F. B., Cadenas-Sánchez, C., Sánchez-Delgado, G., Mora-González, J., Martínez-Telles, B., Artero, E. G., Castro-Piñero, J., Labayen, I., Chillón, P., Löf, M., et al. (2015). Systematic review and proposal of a field-based physical fitness-test battery in preschool children: The PREFIT battery. Sports Medicine, 45, 533–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0281-8

Pavlidou, E., Papadopoulou, S. K., Alexatou, O., Voulgaridou, G., Mentzelou, M., Biskanaki, F., et al. (2023). Childhood Mediterranean diet adherence is associated with lower prevalence of child-hood obesity, specific sociodemographic, and lifestyle factors. Epidemiologia, 5(1), 11–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia5010002

Pfeiffer, K. A., & Clevenger, K. A. (2025). Importance, unique aspects, guidelines, and building blocks of early childhood physical activity from a socioecological perspective. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2025.01.004

Ponti, M. (2023). Screen time and preschool children: Promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatrics & Child Health, 28(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxac125

Priftis, N., & Panagiotakos, D. (2023). Screen time and its health consequences in children and adoles-cents. Children, 10(10), 1665. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10101665

Ramar, K., Malhotra, R. K., Carden, K. A., Martin, J. L., Abbasi-Feinberg, F., Aurora, R. N., et al. (2021). Sleep is essential to health. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medi-cine. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.9476

Rico-González, M., Holsbrekken, E., Martín-Moya, R., Ardigò, L. P., Rico-González, M., & Martín-Moya, R., et al. (2025). Interventions for reducing screen time of preschoolers. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health.https://doi.org/10.1177/21501319241306699

Serra-Majem, L., Ribas, L., Ngo, J., Ortega, R. M., García, A., Pérez-Rodrigo, C., & Aranceta, J. (2004). Food, youth and the Mediterranean diet in Spain: Development of KIDMED. Public Health Nutrition, 7, 931–935. https://doi.org/10.1079/phn2004556

Tambalis, K. D., Panagiotakos, D. B., & Sidossis, L. S. (2024). Increased fruit consumption. Journal of Public Health and Emergency, 8. https://doi.org/10.21037/jphe-24-1

Torres, P., Pablos, A., Elvira, L., Ceca, D., Chia, M., & Huertas, F. (2025). Associations between screen time, physical activity, and sleep patterns in children aged 3–7 years. Sports, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13040091

Tremblay, M. S., Carson, V., Chaput, J.-P., Connor Gorber, S., Dinh, T., Duggan, M., Faulkner, G., Gray, C. E., Gruber, R., Janson, K., Janssen, I., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Kho, M. E., Latimer-Cheung, A. E., LeBlanc, C., Okely, A. D., Olds, T., Pate, R. R., Phillips, A., ... Zehr, L. (2016). Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(6 Suppl. 3), S311–S327. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0151

Vidmar, A. P., Cáceres, N. A., Schneider-Worthington, C. R., Shirazipour, C., Buman, M. P., Haye, K. D. L., et al. (2022). Integration of time-based recommendations with pediatric guidelines. Current Obe-sity Reports, 11(4) .https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-022-00491-z

von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement guidelines for reporting observational studies. The Lancet, 370(9596), 1453–1457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61602-X

Yabiku-Soto, K., Saavedra-García, L., Guerra, J., Hernández-Vásquez, A., & Diez-Canseco, F. (2024). Fac-tors associated with screen time among preschool children in Lima, Peru. Child: Care, Health and Development, 50(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.13330

Yip, K.-M., So, H.-K., Tung, K. T. S., Wong, R. S., Tso, W. W. Y., Wong, I. C. K., et al. (2024). Normative val-ues of motor performance in Hong Kong preschoolers. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57121-y

Descargas

Publicado

02-06-2026

Número

Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

Cómo citar

Godoy Cumillaf, A., Fuentes Merino, P., de Souza-Lima, J., Muñoz-Strale, C., Giakoni-Ramírez, F., Parra-Saldías, M., Duclos-Bastías, D., Bruneau-Chávez, J., & Merellano-Navarro, E. (2026). Influencia de los hábitos alimenticios, el tiempo frente a la pantalla y el sueño en variables antropométricas, la condición física y la competencia motora en niños en edad preescolar. Retos, 79, 24-34. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v79.118228