Simetría térmica y funcional entre los miembros dominante y no dominante en futbolistas sub-20

Autores/as

  • Ana Karinne Morais Cardoso
  • Gabriel Rodrigues da Silva
  • Luciano Bernardes Leite Universidade Federal de Viçosa
  • Leôncio Lopes Soares
  • André Chenu Schneider
  • Pedro Forte
  • Augusto Ribeiro De Oliveira
  • José Eduardo Teixeira
  • William Martins Januário
  • Bruno de Cassio Coelho
  • Guilherme de Azambuja Pussieldi
  • Mario N. Sevilio de Oliveira Junior
  • Miller Gomes de Assis
  • Eduardo Mendonça Pimenta
  • Christian Emmanuel T. Cabido
  • Christiano Eduardo Veneroso

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v80.119080

Palabras clave:

Fútbol, termografía infrarroja, salto con contramovimiento unilateral

Resumen

Introducción: El fútbol implica acciones de alta intensidad que imponen elevadas demandas neuromusculares y fisiológicas sobre los miembros inferiores, lo que puede conducir a asimetrías funcionales y térmicas entre los lados dominante y no dominante. El salto con contramovimiento unilateral (SCMU) y la termografía infrarroja se han utilizado ampliamente para evaluar el rendimiento neuromuscular y las respuestas fisiológicas; sin embargo, la evidencia que combina ambos métodos en jugadores jóvenes de fútbol sigue siendo limitada. Objetivo: Comparar el rendimiento en el salto con contramovimiento unilateral y la temperatura de la piel entre los miembros dominante y no dominante en futbolistas sub-20.

Métodos: Este estudio transversal incluyó 27 jugadores de fútbol masculinos de la categoría sub-20, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 20 años. El rendimiento en el salto con contramovimiento unilateral se evaluó mediante una plataforma de contacto, mientras que la temperatura de la piel se analizó mediante termografía infrarroja bajo condiciones ambientales controladas. Se analizaron los valores medios y máximos de temperatura cutánea en las regiones anterior y posterior de los miembros inferiores. Las comparaciones entre los miembros dominante y no dominante se realizaron mediante pruebas estadísticas pareadas, estableciéndose un nivel de significación de p < 0,05.

Resultados: No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los miembros en el rendimiento del salto unilateral (20.30 ± 3.55 vs. 20.37 ± 3.78 cm; p = 0.841; Cohen’s dz = −0.04; IC 95%: −0.79 a 0.65), con una asimetría media de −0.49%. De manera similar, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la temperatura cutánea anterior (p = 0.242; dz = 0.23; asimetría = 0.11%) ni posterior (p = 0.497; dz = 0.13; asimetría = 0.08%). La magnitud de las diferencias en todas las variables fue trivial.

Conclusión: Los futbolistas sub-20 no presentaron asimetrías funcionales ni térmicas relevantes entre los miembros. Los tamaños del efecto triviales y los valores mínimos de asimetría (<1%) sugieren un perfil neuromuscular y fisiológico equilibrado en atletas jóvenes.

Referencias

Abade, E., Gonçalves, B., Figueira, B., Santos, S., & Coutinho, D. (2025). Impact of Eccentric Exercises on Soccer Players’ External Load, Muscle Soreness and Physical Performance: A Comparative Study of Pre and Post-Training Routines. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 7(4), 409–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-024-00315-7

Alburquerque Santana, P. V., Alvarez, P. D., Felipe da Costa Sena, A., Serpa, T. K., Assis, M. G. de, Pimenta, E. M., Costa, H. A., Sevilio de Oliveira Junior, M. N., Torres Cabido, C. E., & Veneroso, C. E. (2022). Relationship between infrared thermography and muscle damage markers in physically active men after plyometric exercise. Journal of Thermal Biology, 104, 103187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103187

Beato, M., Young, D., Stiff, A., & Coratella, G. (2021). Lower-Limb Muscle Strength, Anterior-Posterior and Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Professional, Elite Academy and Amateur Soccer Players. Jour-nal of Human Kinetics, 77, 135–146. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0058

Bengtsson, H., Ekstrand, J., & Hägglund, M. (2013). Muscle injury rates in professional football increase with fixture congestion: An 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(12), 743–747. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092383

Buoite Stella, A., Galimi, A., Martini, M., Di Lenarda, L., Murena, L., & Deodato, M. (2022). Muscle Asym-metries in the Lower Limbs of Male Soccer Players: Preliminary Findings on the Association be-tween Countermovement Jump and Tensiomyography. Sports, 10(11), 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10110177

Falces-Prieto, M., González-Fernández, F. T., García-Delgado, G., Silva, R., Nobari, H., & Clemente, F. M. (2022). Relationship between sprint, jump, dynamic balance with the change of direction on young soccer players’ performance. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 12272. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16558-9

Fernandes, A. A., Amorim, P., Prímola-Gomes, T., Quintana, M., Fernández Cuevas, I., Silva, R., Pereira, J., & Marins, J. (2012). Avaliação da temperatura da pele durante o exercício através da termogra-fia infravermelha: Uma revisão sistemática. Revista Andaluza de Medicina Del Deporte, 5, 113–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1888-7546(12)70017-5

Fernández-Cuevas, I., Bouzas Marins, J. C., Arnáiz Lastras, J., Gómez Carmona, P. M., Piñonosa Cano, S., García-Concepción, M. Á., & Sillero-Quintana, M. (2015). Classification of factors influencing the use of infrared thermography in humans: A review. Infrared Physics and Technology, 71, 28–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2015.02.007

Gholizadeh, R., Nobari, H., Bolboli, L., Siahkouhian, M., & Brito, J. P. (2022). Comparison of Measure-ments of External Load between Professional Soccer Players. Healthcare, 10(6), 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10061116

Gómez-Carmona, P., Fernández-Cuevas, I., Sillero-Quintana, M., Arnaiz-Lastras, J., & Navandar, A. (2020). Infrared Thermography Protocol on Reducing the Incidence of Soccer Injuries. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 29(8), 1222–1227. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2019-0056

Gualtieri, A., Rampinini, E., Dello Iacono, A., & Beato, M. (2023). High-speed running and sprinting in professional adult soccer: Current thresholds definition, match demands and training strategies. A systematic review. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, 1116293. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1116293

Hildebrandt, C., Raschner, C., & Ammer, K. (2010). An overview of recent application of medical infra-red thermography in sports medicine in Austria. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 10(5), 4700–4715. https://doi.org/10.3390/s100504700

Kalata, M., Williams, C. A., Verbruggen, F. F., De Ste Croix, M., Lehnert, M., Zahalka, F., & Maly, T. (2025). Strength and jumping performance in youth athletes: Do sport specialization and age categories affect strength asymmetry? Research in Sports Medicine, 33(3), 334–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2025.2465544

Lees, A., Asai, T., Andersen, T., Nunome, H., & Sterzing, T. (2010). The biomechanics of kicking in soccer: A review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 805–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.481305

Li, J., & Qian, H. (2025). Biomechanical effects of different change of direction angles on lower limb joint load and injury risk in soccer players. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 45123. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33102-7

Lundberg, T. R., & Weckström, K. (2017). Fixture congestion modulates post-match recovery kinetics in professional soccer players. Research in Sports Medicine (Print), 25(4), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2017.1365296

Madruga-Parera, M., Bishop, C., Beato, M., Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Gonzalo-Skok, O., & Romero-Rodríguez, D. (2021). Relationship Between Interlimb Asymmetries and Speed and Change of Direction Speed in Youth Handball Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(12), 3482–3490. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003328

Mala, L., Hank, M., Stastny, P., Zahalka, F., Ford, K. R., Zmijewski, P., Bujnovsky, D., Petr, M., & Maly, T. (2023). Elite young soccer players have smaller inter-limb asymmetry and better body compo-sition than non-elite players. Biology of Sport, 40(1), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.114840

Maloney, S. J. (2019). The Relationship Between Asymmetry and Athletic Performance: A Critical Re-view. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(9), 2579–2593. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002608

Mendonça Teixeira, R., Dellagrana, R. A., Priego-Quesada, J. I., Machado, J. C. B. P., Fernandes da Silva, J., Pacheco Dos Reis, T. M., & Rossato, M. (2020). Muscular Strength Imbalances Are not Associated with Skin Temperature Asymmetries in Soccer Players. Life (Basel, Switzerland), 10(7), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10070102

Menzel, H.-J., Chagas, M. H., Szmuchrowski, L. A., Araujo, S. R. S., de Andrade, A. G. P., & de Jesus-Moraleida, F. R. (2013). Analysis of lower limb asymmetries by isokinetic and vertical jump tests in soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(5), 1370–1377. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318265a3c8

Miguel, M., Oliveira, R., Brito, J. P., Loureiro, N., García-Rubio, J., Ibáñez, S. J., Miguel, M., Oliveira, R., Bri-to, J. P., Loureiro, N., García-Rubio, J., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2022). External Match Load in Amateur Soccer: The Influence of Match Location and Championship Phase. Healthcare, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10040594

Mohr, M., Draganidis, D., Chatzinikolaou, A., Barbero-Álvarez, J. C., Castagna, C., Douroudos, I., Avloniti, A., Margeli, A., Papassotiriou, I., Flouris, A. D., Jamurtas, A. Z., Krustrup, P., & Fatouros, I. G. (2016). Muscle damage, inflammatory, immune and performance responses to three football games in 1 week in competitive male players. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(1), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3245-2

Moreno-Villanueva, A., Soler-López, A., Cuartero-Martínez, J. C., Pino-Ortega, J., Moreno-Villanueva, A., Soler-López, A., Cuartero-Martínez, J. C., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2025). Assessment of Limb Imbal-ance in Professional Soccer Players. Applied Sciences, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041875

Mujica-Johnson, F. N., Concha López, R., Peralta Ferroni, M. ., & Burgos Henríquez, S. (2024). Perspec-tiva de género en la formación docente y escolar de Educación Física. Análisis crítico en función del contexto chileno (Gender perspective in Physical Education teacher training and schooling. Critical analysis based on the chilean context). Retos, 55, 339-345. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.103535

Paravlic, A. H., Abazovic, E., Milanović, Z., Vučković, G., Spudić, D., Hadzic, V., Pajek, M., & Vodičar, J. (2024). The association between unilateral and bilateral performance-related measures in elite female soccer players: A multifaceted investigation. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1298159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1298159

Peake, J. M., Neubauer, O., Della Gatta, P. A., & Nosaka, K. (2017). Muscle damage and inflammation dur-ing recovery from exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 122(3), 559–570. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016

Rahnama, N., Lees, A., & Bambaecichi, E. (2005). Comparison of muscle strength and flexibility between the preferred and non-preferred leg in English soccer players. Ergonomics, 48(11–14), 1568–1575. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130500101585

Svynos, G., Michailidis, Y., Kotsakis, P., Mandroukas, A., Metaxas, I., Gissis, I., Metaxas, T. I., Svynos, G., Michailidis, Y., Kotsakis, P., Mandroukas, A., Metaxas, I., Gissis, I., & Metaxas, T. I. (2024). Effects of Vertical and Horizontal Jumping Asymmetries on Linear and Change-of-Direction Speed Per-formance of Female Soccer Players. Applied Sciences, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093901

Vaisman, A., Guiloff, R., Rojas, J., Delgado, I., Figueroa, D., & Calvo, R. (2017). Lower Limb Symmetry: Comparison of Muscular Power Between Dominant and Nondominant Legs in Healthy Young Adults Associated With Single-Leg-Dominant Sports. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 5(12), 2325967117744240. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967117744240

Zahálka, F., Malý, T., Malá, L., Gryc, T., & Hráský, P. (2013). Power assessment of lower limbs and strength asymmetry of soccer goalkeepers. Acta Gymnica, 43(2), 31–38. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2013.010

Zheng, T., Kong, R., Liang, X., Huang, Z., Luo, X., Zhang, X., & Xiao, Y. (2025). Effects of plyometric train-ing on jump, sprint, and change of direction performance in adolescent soccer player: A sys-tematic review with meta-analysis. PLOS One, 20(4), e0319548. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319548

Descargas

Publicado

21-05-2026

Número

Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

Cómo citar

Morais Cardoso, A. K., Rodrigues da Silva, G., Bernardes Leite, L., Lopes Soares, L., Chenu Schneider, A., Forte, P., Ribeiro De Oliveira, A., Eduardo Teixeira, J., Martins Januário, W., de Cassio Coelho, B., de Azambuja Pussieldi, G., Sevilio de Oliveira Junior, M. N., Gomes de Assis, M., Mendonça Pimenta, E., T. Cabido, C. E., & Eduardo Veneroso, C. (2026). Simetría térmica y funcional entre los miembros dominante y no dominante en futbolistas sub-20. Retos, 80, 898-907. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v80.119080