Article RETRACTED due to malpractice Development and Content Validation of a Sports Policy Assessment Questionnaire for Tribal Sports Development in India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v83.120006Keywords:
sports policy, tribal communities, sports development, content validity, questionnaire developmentAbstract
Background: In recent years, sport has been increasingly recognised as a vehicle for social inclusion, development, community empowerment, and sustainability. Tribal communities of India show tremendous sporting potential, but continue to struggle with issues such as insufficient infrastructure, lack of financial support, the need to roll out an incentive structure to promote Sports in tribal areas, and weak policy implementation. The growth of evidence-based policy evaluation and planning in tribal regions requiring more disaggregated data is not supported by the lack of a standardized tool to measure dimensions of sports policies.
Purpose: The current study assessed a sports policy assessment questionnaire that focuses on key dimensions of policy and is relevant for the development of sports across tribal communities, the aim being to develop and test content validity.
Methods: The design was an instrument development study. A first pool of 74 items was developed based on a literature review and expert consultation. Validity of content was assessed by 12 experts using the Content Validity Index (CVI). Then, data were collected from 100 stakeholders for construct validity and internal consistency reliability assessment by applying Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and reliability analysis on closed-ended items. Qualitative insight was obtained through the addition of open-ended items, which were not statistically validated.
Results: Content validity of the questionnaire was excellent (I-CVI values ranging from 0.83 to 1.00 and S-CVI/Ave of 0.94). Based on the experts' suggestions, 15 items were removed, and 7 were modified. EFA supported a five-factor structure with 71.84% total variance. The KMO value (0.874) and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (χ2 = 2134.62, p < .001) indicated that the research data was suitable for factor analysis. Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the five-factor measurement model with acceptable fit indices (χ²/df = 2.68, CFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.07). The general Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.95. The final instrument consisted of 62 items, including 57 policy-related items in five domains.
Conclusion: The developed questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to measure sports policy dimensions related to tribal sports development and can be useful in policy evaluation, programme monitoring and evidence-based decision making.
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