Contexto, fatores correlacionados e consequências psicológicas da coesão de grupo no desporto juvenil: uma revisão sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v85.120034Palavras-chave:
Adolescência, coesão, dinâmica de grupo, desporto coletivo, jovens atletasResumo
Introdução: A coesão de grupo é um constructo importante para o desempenho atlético e para a promoção de experiências desportivas positivas. Os seus efeitos sociais podem ser particularmente relevantes durante a adolescência, uma fase do desenvolvimento caracterizada por uma maior suscetibilidade à influência social. No entanto, as evidências sistemáticas focadas especificamente na coesão de grupo no desporto juvenil são ainda limitadas.
Objectivo: Identificar os constructos psicológicos associados à coesão de grupo em equipas desportivas juvenis através de uma revisão sistemática.
Metodologia: O protocolo PRISMA orientou a revisão. As pesquisas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, PsycINFO e SPORTDiscus. Foram incluídos estudos envolvendo atletas dos 12 aos 18 anos. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada e foram incluídos 49 estudos de entre os 3.099 registos identificados.
Resultados: O modelo conceptual de Carron foi a estrutura teórica predominante (n = 46). Os estudos investigaram 43 constructos psicológicos, sendo a liderança do treinador (n = 7), a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas e a motivação (n = 7 cada), o clima motivacional promovido pelo treinador (n = 6) e a eficácia coletiva (n = 5) os mais frequentemente examinados.
Discussão: Os resultados indicam que a coesão do grupo está relacionada com vários constructos psicológicos individuais e grupais, com particular ênfase na liderança, clima motivacional, necessidades psicológicas, motivação e eficácia colectiva. No entanto, as evidências permanecem fragmentadas entre os diferentes constructos.
Conclusões: A investigação futura deverá aumentar o número de estudos que abordam cada constructo, ampliar a diversidade metodológica e melhorar os procedimentos de amostragem. Deve também ser dada maior atenção à utilização de instrumentos especificamente validados para populações de jovens atletas.
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