Características del protocolo de entrenamiento en estudios que comparan el entrenamiento funcional con el tradicional: revisión sistemática de ensayos controlados
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v70.114588Palabras clave:
Entrenamiento de fuerza, entrenamiento funcional, entrenamiento tradicional, rehabilitaciónResumen
Introducción: El entrenamiento funcional y el entrenamiento tradicional se utilizan ampliamente en rehabilitación y entrenamiento de fuerza, pero sus diferencias metodológicas siguen en debate.
Objetivo: Evaluar las características de los protocolos de entrenamiento en estudios que comparan intervenciones de entrenamiento funcional y tradicional en ensayos clínicos.
Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus y Web of Science.
Resultados: En los protocolos de entrenamiento tradicional, la mayoría de los estudios utilizaron ejercicios en máquinas, principalmente uniaxiales, como sentadillas en máquina Smith, flexiones de piernas y remos sentados, junto con calentamientos en cinta. En cambio, los protocolos de entrenamiento funcional incluyeron ejercicios multiarticulares con pesas libres, bandas de resistencia, pesas rusas y correas de suspensión.
Discusión: Esta revisión destaca la superposición metodológica entre entrenamiento funcional y entrenamiento tradicional, dificultando su distinción. Mientras que el entrenamiento funcional surge de la rehabilitación y busca mejorar los patrones de movimiento relevantes para la vida diaria, el entrenamiento físico sigue principios estructurados de carga para desarrollar fuerza. En lugar de clasificaciones rígidas, la eficacia debe determinarse según las necesidades individuales, integrando distintas modalidades según corresponda. Futuras investigaciones deben clarificar definiciones o reconocer esta convergencia, priorizando prescripciones individualizadas.
Conclusiones: Comprender las distinciones y superposiciones entre el entrenamiento funcional y el entrenamiento tradicional puede ayudar a los profesionales a diseñar programas adaptables basados en evidencia. Al integrar ambos enfoques cuando sea necesario, los profesionales del fitness pueden optimizar los resultados del entrenamiento y promover la adherencia a largo plazo.
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