The interventions of physical education by using augmented reality based mobile learning can significantly improve gross motor skills in elementary school students

Authors

  • Mohammad Faruk Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-9196
  • Mohammad Ali Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
  • Rudi Susilana Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
  • Laksmi Dewi Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
  • Norlidah Alias Universiti Malaya
  • I Made Sri Undy Mahardika Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya
  • Imam Syafi’i Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya
  • Muchamad Samsul Huda Universitas Mulawarman
  • Achmad Rizanul Wahyudi Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3499-0941
  • Laily Mita Andriana Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya
  • Adi Pranoto Department of Sport Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4080-9245

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.111727

Keywords:

Augmented reality, mobile learning, motor skills, physical education, students

Abstract

Introduction: Physical  education interventions outside of school that use augmented reality mobile learning can be an effective method to improve students' gross motor skills in primary school. The novelty of this study, learning media is packaged into an application that runs on a mobile device. Objective: The aims of the study was to prove that interventions of physical education by using augmented reality based mobile learning can significantly improve gross motor skills in elementary school students. Methodology: The study examined the effects of physical education by using augmented reality based mobile learning. This study used 60 participants who were divided into two groups: the intervention group and the control group. The instrument used was the Test of Gross Motor Development Second Edition (TGMD-2) to evaluate the growth pattern of gross motor skills. The data analysis techniques used were normality test, influence test, and independent samples t-test. Results: The results showed that interventions of physical education by using augmented reality based mobile learning, provided a greater improvement in gross motor skills. The control group showed the least change. Discussion: The interventions of physical education by using augmented reality based mobile learning can significantly improve gross motor skills in elementary school students. Conclusions: These findings may guide options for those looking for effective ways to improve gross motor skills especially for early childhood. The interventions of physical education by using augmented reality based mobile learning can significantly improve gross motor skills in elementary school students.

References

Aye, T., Oo, K. S., Khin, M. T., Kuramoto-Ahuja, T., & Maruyama, H. (2023). Reliability Of The Test Of Gross Motor Development Second Edition (Tgmd-2) For Kindergarten Children In Myanmar.

Blavt, O., Chaplinskyі, R., Prozar, M., Pityn, M., Helzhynska, T., Dmytruk, V., Hrebik, O., & Kovalchuk, V. (2023). The Efficiency Of The Application Of Electronic Techniques In The Control Of Dynamic Balance In The Process Of Inclusive Physical Education. Physical Education Theory And Methodology, 23(5), 770–776. Https://Doi.Org/10.17309/Tmfv.2023.5.16.

Botagariyev, T., Nurolla, M., & Mukhanbetaliyev, A. (2024). Web-Based Technologies In Middle School Physical Education. Retos, 51. Https://Recyt.Fecyt.Es/Index.Php/Retos/Index.

Calabuig-Moreno, F., González-Serrano, M. H., Fombona, J., & García-Tascón, M. (2020). The Emergence Of Technology In Physical Education: A General Bibliometric Analysis With A Focus On Virtual And Augmented Reality. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(7), 1–23. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Su12072728.

Cocca, A., Verdugo, F. E., Cuenca, L. T. R., & Cocca, M. (2020). Effect Of A Game-Based Physical Education Program On Physical Fitness And Mental Health In Elementary School Children. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(13), 1–13. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Ijerph17134883.

Criollo-C, S., Guerrero-Arias, A., Jaramillo-Alcázar, Á., & Luján-Mora, S. (2021). Mobile Learning Technologies For Education: Benefits And Pending Issues. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(9). Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/App11094111.

Dhar, P., Rocks, T., Samarasinghe, R. M., Stephenson, G., & Smith, C. (2021). Augmented Reality In Medical Education: Students’ Experiences And Learning Outcomes. In Medical Education Online (Vol. 26, Issue 1). Taylor And Francis Ltd. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/10872981.2021.1953953.

Ferriz-Valero, A., Østerlie, O., Martínez, S. G., & García-Jaén, M. (2020). Gamification In Physical Education: Evaluation Of Impact On Motivation And Academic Performance Within Higher Education. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(12), 1–16. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Ijerph17124465.

Freitas Da Silva, B. V., Dos Santos, R. H., Savarezzi, G. R., De Souza, M. T., & Gimenez, R. (2020). Teaching Strategies In Physical Education: A Confrontation Between Directive And Indirective Styles In Volleyball Learning. Journal Of Physical Education (Maringa), 31(1). Https://Doi.Org/10.4025/Jphyseduc.V31i1.3168.

Fuentes-Nieto, T., López-Pastor, V. M., & Palacios-Picos, A. (2022). A Combination Of Transformative And Authentic Assessment Through Ict In Physical Education Combinando Una Evaluación Auténtica Y Transformativa A Través De Las Tic En Educación Física (Vol. 44). Https://Recyt.Fecyt.Es/Index.Php/Retos/Index.

Guindos-Sanchez, L. De, Lucena-Anton, D., Moral-Munoz, J. A., Salazar, A., & Carmona-Barrientos, I. (2020). The Effectiveness Of Hippotherapy To Recover Gross Motor Function In Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. In Children (Vol. 7, Issue 9). Mdpi. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Children7090106.

Junior, A. F. De S., Oliveira, M. R. R. De, & Araujo, A. C. De. (2022). The Debate Of Digital Technology In The Continuing Physical Education Teacher Education: Uses And Concepts For Teaching And Learning. Retos, 46, 694–704. Https://Recyt.Fecyt.Es/Index.Php/Retos/Index.

Koryahin, V., Turchyn, Y., Blavt, O., & Dolnikova, L. (2020). Information Systems Of Support Of Pedagogical Control In The Physical Education Of Students. Physical Education Theory And Methodology, 20(4), 205–211. Https://Doi.Org/10.17309/Tmfv.2020.4.02.

Liang, L., Zhang, Z., & Guo, J. (2023). The Effectiveness Of Augmented Reality In Physical Sustainable Education On Learning Behaviour And Motivation. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(6). Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Su15065062.

Lizandra, J., Valverde-Esteve, T., & García-Massó, X. (2020). Use Of Mobile Devices As A Facilitator Of The Practice Of Physical Activity In Physical Education Lessons: Experience In Higher Education. Journal Of Physical Education And Sport, 20(6), 3629–3634. Https://Doi.Org/10.7752/Jpes.2020.06489.

Ma, I., Kunci, K., Kasar, M., Bawah, K., & Dasar, S. (2024). Tingkat Kemampuan Motorik Kasar Pada Siswa Kelas Bawah Pada Sekolah Dasar Islam Terpadu Level Of Gross Motor Skills In Lower Grade Students At Integrated Islamic Elementary School. Jurnal Phedheral, 21(1). Https://Doi.Org/10.20961/Phduns.V21i1.85945.

Martínez-Rico, G., Alberola-Albors, M., Pérez-Campos, C., & González-García, R. J. (2022). Physical Education Teachers’ Perceived Digital Competences: Are They Prepared For The Challenges Of The New Digital Age? Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(1). Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Su14010321.

Mata, C., Onofre, M., Costa, J., Ramos, M., Marques, A., & Martins, J. (2021). Motivation And Perceived Motivational Climate By Adolescents In Face-To-Face Physical Education During The Covid-19 Pandemic. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(23). Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Su132313051.

Mokmin, N. A. M., & Rassy, R. P. (2024). Review Of The Trends In The Use Of Augmented Reality Technology For Students With Disabilities When Learning Physical Education. Education And Information Technologies, 29(2), 1251–1277. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S10639-022-11550-2.

Pérez-Muñoz, S., Castaño Calle, R., Morales Campo, P. T., & Rodríguez-Cayetano, A. (2024). A Systematic Review Of The Use And Effect Of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality And Mixed Reality In Physical Education. In Information (Switzerland) (Vol. 15, Issue 9). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Mdpi). Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Info15090582.

Pérez-Pueyo, Á., Hortigüela-Alcalá, D., Hernando-Garijo, A., González-Víllora, S., & Sánchez-Miguel, P. A. (2021). The Attitudinal Style As Pedagogical Model In Physical Education. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 18(2), 1–16. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Ijerph18020374.

Qi, Y. (2021). The Role Of Mobile Web Platforms In The Development Of Critical, Strategic And Lateral Thinking Skills Of Students In Distance Physical Education Courses. In Thinking Skills And Creativity (Vol. 42). Elsevier Ltd. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Tsc.2021.100935.

Rey, E., Carballo-Fazanes, A., Varela-Casal, C., & Abelairas-Gómez, C. (2020). Reliability Of The Test Of Gross Motor Development: A Systematic Review. Plos One, 15(7 July). Https://Doi.Org/10.1371/Journal.Pone.0236070.

Samodra, Y. T. J., Suryadi, D., Wati, I. D. P., Supriatna, E., Santika, I. G. P. N. A., Suganda, M. A., & Dewi, P. C. P. (2023). Analysis Of Gross Motoric Analysis Of Elementary School Students: A Comparative Study Of Students In Hill And Coastal Areas. Pedagogy Of Physical Culture And Sports, 27(2), 139–145. Https://Doi.Org/10.15561/26649837.2023.0206.

Sucipto, A., Adrian, Q. J., & Kencono, M. A. (2021). Martial Art Augmented Reality Book (Arbook) Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Seni Beladiri Nusantara Pencak Silat. Jurnal Sisfokom (Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer), 10(1), 40–45. Https://Doi.Org/10.32736/Sisfokom.V10i1.983.

Sundawan, S. W., Satia Graha, A., Auliana, R., Riyana, A., Tri Astuti, A., Yunita Utami, D., Wahyudin Pratama, K., Ramadhana Sonjaya, A., Angga Permadi, A., Arifin, Z., Karakauki, M., Kamaruzaman Syed Ali, S., Adityas Trisnadi, R., & Utami, D. (2023). Developing Learning Media For An Online Learning-Based Big Ball Game At Class Xi Vocational High School Students: Feasibility And Efficacy. Https://Recyt.Fecyt.Es/Index.Php/Retos/Index.

Susanto, E., Mulyaningsih, F., Mujriah, Satriawan, R., & Sulfandi. (2022). Distance Learning: Does It Have An Impact On The Readiness Of Physical Education Teachers In Coastal Areas? Physical Education Theory And Methodology, 22(3), 338–345. Https://Doi.Org/10.17309/Tmfv.2022.3.06.

Sutapa, P., Pratama, K. W., Rosly, M. M., Ali, S. K. S., & Karakauki, M. (2021). Improving Motor Skills In Early Childhood Through Goal-Oriented Play Activity. Children, 8(11). Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Children8110994.

Vega-Ramírez, L., Notario, R. O., & Ávalos-Ramos, M. A. (2020). The Relevance Of Mobile Applications In The Learning Of Physical Education. Education Sciences, 10(11), 1–11. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Educsci10110329.

Wibowo, C. (2024). Enhancing Self-Esteem, Satisfaction, And Motor Skills Through Gamification In Elementary Physical Education. Physical Education Theory And Methodology, 24(3), 368–374. Https://Doi.Org/10.17309/Tmfv.2024.3.03.

Yang, C., Chen, R., Chen, X., & Lu, K. H. (2021). The Efficiency Of Cooperative Learning In Physical Education On The Learning Of Action Skills And Learning Motivation. Frontiers In Psychology, 12. Https://Doi.Org/10.3389/Fpsyg.2021.717528.

Downloads

Published

2025-03-01

How to Cite

Faruk, M., Ali, M., Susilana, R., Dewi, L., Alias, N., Mahardika, I. M. S. U., … Pranoto, A. (2025). The interventions of physical education by using augmented reality based mobile learning can significantly improve gross motor skills in elementary school students. Retos, 64, 201–210. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v64.111727

Issue

Vol. 64 (2025)

Section

Original Research Article

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Faruk, Mohammad Ali, Rudi Susilana, Laksmi Dewi, Norlidah Alias, I Made Sri Undy Mahardika, Imam Syafi’i, Muchamad Samsul Huda, Achmad Rizanul Wahyudi, Laily Mita Andriana, Adi Pranoto

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
  2. Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).

This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.