Adding Ujjayi Pranayama to osteopathic manipulative treatment on pulmonary functions and functional capacity in college students with upper cross syndrome

Authors

  • Mohamed S. Zidan ssistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon) https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8464-4547
  • Amira Ezzat M. Abd-ElHay Assistant professor of physical therapy, Rehabilitation sciences Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al al-BAYT University, El Mafraq, Jordon
  • Ahmed M. Elfahl Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5475-1676
  • Rashed S. Al-Kafian Demonstrator, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon) https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5361-529X
  • Mohammad M. M. Arafah Assistant Professor at Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon) https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1464-3453
  • Mohamed M. Elsharkawy Associate Professor at Ajloun National University, Ajloun 26810, (Jordan) https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9810-2547
  • Sahar M. Hassan Department of physical therapy, Cairo university hospitals, Cairo, Egypt and Department of physical therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-1733
  • Heba Elfeky Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, (Jordon) https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4462-388X
  • Marwa Ahmed Saad Radwa Lecturer of physical therapy for burn and surgery, Faculty of physical therapy, Galala University, Suez, (Egypt)
  • Hadeer A. Morsi Lecturer of physical therapy, Department of Physical Therapy for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh (Egypt)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v75.118225

Keywords:

Ujjayi pranayama, Osteopathic manipulative treatment, Pulmonary Functions, Upper cross syndrome

Abstract

Background: Ujjayi pranayama and osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) both enhance respiratory function and musculoskeletal alignment. For individuals with Upper Cross Syndrome these methods can have a significant impact.

Objective: to investigate how much does adding Ujjayi Pranayama into osteopathic manipulation (OM) on pulmonary functions and functional capacity in college students diagnosed with upper cross syndrome (UCS).

Methods: Two-armed, parallel-group RCT with concealed allocation and blinded assessment of outcomes conducted on forty participants with UCS randomly divided into two groups.  Ujjayi pranayama and OM administered to the experimental group while the control group received only osteopathic manipulation. Both groups was undergo 45-minute sessions, five times a week for eight weeks. We measured ERV, PEF, MVV and IC by portable spirometer.

Results: Adding ujjayi pranayama to OM showed significant greater improvements in PEF (MD change was 0.76±0.07 L/s vs. 0.49±0.09 L/s in control (p=0.025)), ERV (MD change 0.29±0.06 L vs. 0.08±0.01 L in control (p=0.002)), 6-Minute Walk Distance Test (6 MWDT) ( MD change23.60±2.05 meters vs. 14.70±1.54 meters in control (p=0.001), TUG (MD change was -2.20±0.20 sec vs. -1.15±0.11 sec in control (p=0.001). Some parameters showed no statistically significant differences in changes between groups: MVV: Difference and % change was not significant (p=0.250 and p=0.461). IC: Borderline difference in mean change (p=0.058) but % change was not significant (p=0.201).

Conclusion: Ujjayi pranayama to OM resulted in superior improvements in both respiratory functions in upper cross syndrome, rather than osteopathy alone.

Author Biographies

  • Mohamed S. Zidan, ssistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon)

    Dr. Mohamed S. Zidan is an Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon) ORCID:   https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8464-4547 ; drmohzidan2015@gmail.com

  • Ahmed M. Elfahl, Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon)

    Dr. Ahmed M.Elfahl is an Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon),     ORCID : https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5475-1676        ;       a.ahmed@zuj.edu.jo      

  • Rashed S. Al-Kafian, Demonstrator, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon)

    Dr. Rashed S. Al-Kafian is an demonstrator, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon).        ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5361-529X ;       rashed.alkafian@gmail.com.

     

  • Mohammad M. M. Arafah, Assistant Professor at Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon)

    Dr. Mohammad Maher Mohammad Arafah  is an Assistant Professor at Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, (Jordon). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1464-3453      ,            arafeh058@gmail.com.

  • Mohamed M. Elsharkawy, Associate Professor at Ajloun National University, Ajloun 26810, (Jordan)

    Dr. Mohamed M. Elsharkawy is an Associate Professor at Ajloun National University, Ajloun 26810, (Jordan);  ORCID:  https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9810-2547                                m.sharkawi@anu.edu.jo

  • Sahar M. Hassan, Department of physical therapy, Cairo university hospitals, Cairo, Egypt and Department of physical therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia

    Dr. Sahar Mahmoud Hassan is an Assistant Professor at Department of physical therapy, Cairo university hospitals, Cairo, Egypt also at Department of physical therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia; ORCID : https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-1733  ;  Email: s.hassan@qu.edu.sa

    smmh007@yahoo.com                             

  • Heba Elfeky, Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, (Jordon)

    Dr. Heba elfeky  is an Assistant Professor at Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, (Jordon) ORCID :     https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4462-388X         ,                elfeky@ammanu.edu.jo      

  • Marwa Ahmed Saad Radwa, Lecturer of physical therapy for burn and surgery, Faculty of physical therapy, Galala University, Suez, (Egypt)

    Dr. Marwa Ahmed Saad Radwan is an Lecturer of physical therapy for burn and surgery, Faculty of physical therapy, Galala University, Suez, (Egypt) ; marwa.radwan@gu.edu.eg

  • Hadeer A. Morsi, Lecturer of physical therapy, Department of Physical Therapy for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh (Egypt)

    Dr. Hadeer Morsi  is an Lecturer of physical therapy, Department of Physical Therapy for Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.           Hader_Awad@pt.kfs.edu.eg

References

Abazari, L., Abazari, A., Emamgholi, M., & Asadi, N. (2025). Effect of Pranayama Practice on Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence in Nursing Students. SAGE open nursing, 11, 23779608251371103. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608251371103

Abd ElHay, A., Elsayed, M. A., Tammam, D., Tawfick, A., Shalaby, R., & Morsi, H. (2025). Investigating forward head posture and its influence on postural alignment among desk-based employees. Retos, 73, 1529-1545. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117904

Afari, N., Ahumada, S. M., Wright, L. J., Mostoufi, S., Golnari, G., Reis, V., & Cuneo, J. G. (2014). Psychologi-cal trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biop-sychosocial Science and Medicine, 76(1), 2-11.‏ https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000000010

Ahmed Mahmoud, et al. (2025). The correlation between forward head posture and neck pain in Jorda-nian university students with chronic non-specific neck pain. Egyptian Journal of Physical The-rapy and Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejptr.2025.387716.1034

Akhani, P., Banode, S., & Shah, N. (2019). Effect of 4 weeks' yoga practice on respiratory function tests in young adults. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacology and Pharmacology, 9, 1. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2019.9.0309122032019

AlAnazi, M., & Mani, P. (2025). Breaking the backbone of productivity: work-related musculoskeletal pain among KSAU-HS employees and its impact on performance and rehabilitation strategies. Retos, 70, 1255-1263.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v70.116889

Almomani, F., Alghwiri, A. A., Alghadir, A. H., Al-Momani, A., & Iqbal, A. (2019). Prevalence of upper limb pain and disability and its correlates with demographic and personal factors. Journal of Pain Re-search, 12, 2691–2700. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S198480

American Thoracic Society. (1995). Standardization of spirometry: 1994 update. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 152(3), 1107–1136.

American Thoracic Society. (2002). ATS statement: Guidelines for the six-minute walk test. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 166(1), 111–117.

Audoux CR, Estrada C, Martínez-Pozas O, et al. What Concept of Manual Therapy Is More Effective to Improve Health Status in Women with Fibromyalgia Syndrome? IJERPH. 2023;20(2):1061. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021061

Bordoni, B., & Escher, A. R. Jr. (2021). Osteopathic principles: The inspiration of every science is its change. Cureus, 13(1), e12478. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12478

Cai, B., Gui, C. Z., & Chen, S. Q. (2017). Research on the etiology and pathogenesis of upper crossed syn-drome. Chinese Manipulation Rehabilitation Medicine, 8(1), 10–13.

California Yoga Teachers Association. (2002). Yoga journal. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PuoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA46&dq=ujjayi+sanskrit&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-voq67fnhAhVE63MBHb8mBcMQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=ujjayi%20sanskrit&f=false

Campanelli, S., Tort, A. B. L., & Lobão-Soares, B. (2020). Pranayamas and their neurophysiological ef-fects. International Journal of Yoga, 13(3), 183–192. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_91_19

Castellote-Caballero, Y., Carcelén Fraile, M., Aibar-Almazán, A., et al. (2024). Effect of combined physi-cal–cognitive training on the functional and cognitive capacity of older people with mild cogni-tive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine, 22, 281. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-024-03469-x

Cobos-Bermeo, N. A., Barreto-Andrade, J. A., Aldas-Arcos, H. G., Abril-Ulloa, S. V., & Encalada-Torres, L. E. (2025). Prevalencia de trastornos musculoesqueléticos asociados a variables antropométri-cas en el personal administrativo de la Universidad de Cuenca. Retos, 73, 40-55.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.117031

Feyrouz, et al. (2003). Interpreting pulmonary function tests: Recognize the pattern, and the diagnosis will follow. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 70(10), 1-10.

Gaid, D., Eilayyan, O., Ahmed, S., & Bussières, A. (2024). Enrollment, adherence and retention rates among musculoskeletal disorders rehabilitation practitioners in knowledge translation studies: A systematic review and meta-regression. Implementation Science Communications, 5(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-024-00585-w

Goorts, K., Dizon, J., & Milanese, S. (2021). The effectiveness of implementation strategies for promo-ting evidence-informed interventions in allied healthcare: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06190-0

Greenman, P. E., & DeStefano, L. A. (2021). Greenman’s Principles of Manual Medicine (5th ed.). Wol-ters Kluwer Health.

Han, J., Park, S., Kim, Y., Choi, Y., & Lyu, H. (2016). Effects of forward head posture on forced vital capa-city and respiratory muscle activity. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(1), 128–131. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.128

Harold, A., Matos Casano, I., Intisar, A., & Fatima, A. (2025). Six-Minute Walk Test. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

Hassan, M. G., Ali, A. F. M., Samy, H., Hamdy, M., Attia, A. S. A., El-Din, S. S., Ahmed, S. S. M., Bondok, S. M. M., Abdelaziz, S. S., Hassan, E. J., & Hassan, S. S. (2025). Telerehabilitation for carpal tunnel syn-drome: A new treatment style with new possibilities: A randomized controlled trial. Retos, 72, 1141–1150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v72.117333

Hawamdeh, M., Al-Nassan, S. M., Obaidat, S. M., Shallan, A., Hawamdeh, Z. M., Eilayyan, O., ... & Alanazi, F. (2023). The relationship between using smartphones and text neck syndrome in online learning among university students in Jordan: A survey study. Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja, 25(6), 315-320. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.2883

Holland, A. E., Spruit, M. A., Troosters, T., Puhan, M. A., Pepin, V., Saey, D., McCormack, M. C., Carlin, B. W., Sciurba, F., Pitta, F., Wanger, J., MacIntyre, N., Kaminsky, D. A., Culver, B. H., Revill, S. M., & Singh, S. J. (2014). An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society techni-cal standard: Field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease. European Respiratory Journal, 44(6), 1428–1446.

Huesing, P., Smakowski, A., Loewe, B., Kleinstaeuber, M., Toussaint, A., & Shedden-Mora, M. C. (2023). The framework for systematic reviews on psychological risk factors for persistent somatic symptoms and related syndromes and disorders (PSY-PSS). Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1142484.‏ https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1142484

Janagiraman, R., Subramanian, S. S., Srivatsan, M., Vishnuram, S., Alfawaz, S. S., Ramanathan, K., ... & Raj, N. B. (2025). Comparison of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle stretches in the mana-gement of symptomatic non specific cervical pain. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación físi-ca, deportey recreación, 68, 1971-1978.‏ https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.113822

Jayawardena, R., Ranasinghe, P., Ranawaka, H., Gamage, N., Dissanayake, D., & Misra, A. (2020). Explo-ring the therapeutic benefits of pranayama (yogic breathing): A systematic review. Internatio-nal Journal of Yoga, 13(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_37_19

Jerath, R., Edry, J. W., Barnes, V. A., & Jerath, V. (2006). Physiology of long pranayamic breathing: Neural respiratory elements may provide a mechanism that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system. Medical Hypotheses, 67(3), 566–571.

Jiang, L., Thadanatthaphak, Y., & Tudpor, K. (2025). Effects of Pilates Training Combined with Fascial Massage on Upper Cross Syndrome in Office Workers. Healthcare, 13(4), 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040410

John, J., Venugopal, P., & Shajahan, P. S. (2022). Effect of comprehensive yoga therapy on pulmonary function among various groups with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biomed, 42, 395–400. https://doi.org/10.51248/v42i2.1267

Katz, S., Arish, N., Rokach, A., Zaltzman, Y., & Marcus, E. L. (2018). The effect of body position on pul-monary function: A systematic review. BMC Pulmonary Medicine, 18, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-018-0723-4

Kuppusamy, M., Dilara, K., Ravishankar, P., & Julius, A. (2017). Effect of Bhramari Pranayama practice on pulmonary function in healthy adolescents: A randomized control study. Ancient Science of Life, 36, 196. https://doi.org/10.4103/asl.asl_220_16

Lathadevi, G. V., et al. (2017). Modulation of cardiovascular response after Ujjayi pranayama and Sha-vasana training in normal human volunteers. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 6(4), 571–573.

Li, C., Liu, Y., Ji, Y., Xie, L., & Hou, Z. (2018). Efficacy of yoga training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 30, 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.11.006

Lin, F., Parthasarathy, S., Taylor, S. J., Pucci, D., Hendrix, R. W., & Makhsous, M. (2006). Effect of diffe-rent sitting postures on lung capacity, expiratory flow, and lumbar lordosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 87(4), 504–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2005.11.031

Lindsay, M., & Robertson, C. (2008). Fascia: Clinical applications for health and human performance. Delmar Cengage Learning.

Mahour, J., & Verma, P. (2017). Effect of Ujjayi Pranayama on cardiovascular autonomic function tests. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2017.7.1029809122016

Miller, M. R., Hankinson, J., Brusasco, V., Burgos, F., Casaburi, R., Coates, A., Crapo, R., Enright, P., van der Grinten, C. P., Gustafsson, P., Jensen, R., Johnson, D. C., MacIntyre, N., McKay, R., Navajas, D., Pe-dersen, O. F., Pellegrino, R., Viegi, G., & Wanger, J. (2005). Standardisation of spirometry. Euro-pean Respiratory Journal, 26(2), 319–338.

Mohamed, R. A., Alhujaily, M., Ahmed, F. A., Nouh, W. G., & Almowafy, A. A. (2024). Nurses' experiences and perspectives regarding evidence-based practice implementation in the healthcare context: A qualitative study. Nursing Open, 11(1), e2080. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.2080

Mütze, C., Mitzinger, D., & Haller, H. (2025). Effectiveness of pranayama for mental disorders: a syste-matic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in psychiatry, 16, 1616996. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1616996

Naci, B., Demir, R., Onder, O. O., Sinan, U. Y., & Kucukoglu, M. S. (2022). Effects of adding respiratory training to osteopathic manipulative treatment on exhaled nitric oxide level and cardiopulmo-nary function in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. American Journal of Cardio-logy, 162, 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.09.023

Nakao, M., Shirotsuki, K., & Sugaya, N. (2021). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for management of mental health and stress-related disorders: Recent advances in techniques and technologies. Biop-sychosocial Medicine, 15(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-021-00219-w

Nicholas, A. S., & Nicholas, E. A. (2012). Atlas of osteopathic techniques. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Okuro, R. T., Morcillo, A. M., Ribeiro, M. A., Sakano, E., Conti, P. B., & Ribeiro, J. D. (2011). Mouth breat-hing and forward head posture: Effects on respiratory biomechanics and exercise capacity in children. Journal of Brazilian Pneumology, 37(4), 471–479. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37132011000400009

Osses-Anguita ÁE, Sánchez-Sánchez T, Soto-Goñi XA, et al. Awake and Sleep Bruxism Prevalence and Their Associated Psychological Factors in First-Year University Students: A Pre-Mid-Post CO-VID-19 Comparison. IJERPH. 2023;20:2452. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032452

Pal, G. K., Velkumary, S., & Madanmohan. (2014). Effect of short-term practice of breathing exercises on autonomic functions in normal human volunteers. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 120(2), 115–121.

Panwar, S., Chourishi, A., & Makwana, J. (2012). Effect of pranayama (yoga) on pulmonary function test of young healthy students. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, 3(4), 12–16.

Patel, R., & Veidlinger, D. (2023). Exploring the Benefits of Yoga for Mental and Physical Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Religions, 14(4), 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14040538

Pedraza-Ricra, D., Basauri-Delgado, M., Santiago, R. J. M., & Saintila, J. (2025). Influence of kinanthro-pometric characteristics on spinal health among Peruvian university students. Retos, 73, 288-299.‏ DOI: https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v73.115780

Podsiadlo, D., & Richardson, S. (1991). The Timed “Up & Go”: A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39(2), 142–148.

Rathore, V. K., Singh, S., & Yadav, N. (2025). Impact of yoga on pulmonary functions in clinical popula-tion: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 16(5), 101189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101189

Sangeethalaxmi, M. J., & Hankey, A. (2023). Impact of yoga breathing and relaxation as an add-on thera-py on quality of life, anxiety, depression, and pulmonary function in young adults with bron-chial asthma: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100546

Saoji, A. A., Raghavendra, B. R., & Manjunath, N. K. (2019). Effects of yogic breath regulation: A narrative review of scientific evidence. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 10(1), 50–58.

Saoji, A. A., Raghavendra, B. R., & Nagendra, H. R. (2020). Immediate effects of yogic breathing with dif-ferent ratios of inspiration to expiration: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 26(7), 557–565.

Sarkar, S., Rathee, R., & Malik, S. (2017). Autonomic responses to breathing maneuvers in health and disease: Insights from yoga and pranayama. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 634.

Shah, S. G., Choezom, T., & Raja, G. P. (2019). Comparison of respiratory parameters in participants with and without chronic low back pain. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 23(4), 894–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.03.008

Shumway-Cook, A., Brauer, S., & Woollacott, M. (2000). Predicting the probability for falls in communi-ty-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test. Physical Therapy, 80(9), 896–903.

Swami, G., Singh, S., Singh, K. P., & Gupta, M. (2010). Effect of yoga on pulmonary function tests of hy-pothyroid patients. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 54, 51–56.

Talia, H., et al. (2010). Properties of the ‘Timed Up and Go’ Test: More than Meets the Eye. Gerontology, 57(3), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1159/000314963

Telles, S., Sharma, S. K., & Balkrishna, A. (2014). Effects of slow and fast pranayamas on reaction time and cardiorespiratory variables. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 58(1), 42–46.

Usha, M., Bhat, J. S., Radish Kumar, B., Bajaj, G., & Poovitha Shruthi, P. (2022). Immediate effects of 'Ujjayi Pranayama' on aerodynamic, acoustic and self perception parameters of voice in teachers. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 13(1), 100490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2021.07.006

Downloads

Published

02-02-2026

Issue

Vol. 75 (2026)

Section

Original Research Article

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed S. Zidan, Amira Ezzat M. Abd-ElHay, Ahmed M. Elfahl, Rashed S. Al-Kafian, Mohammad M. M. Arafah, Mohamed M. Elsharkawy, Sahar M. Hassan, Heba Elfeky, Marwa Ahmed Saad Radwa, Hadeer A. Morsi

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
  2. Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).

This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.

How to Cite

Zidan, M. S., Abd-ElHay, A. E. M., Elfahl, A. M., Al-Kafian, R. S., Arafah, M. M. M., Elsharkawy, M. M., Hassan, S. M., Elfeky, H., Radwa, M. A. S., & Morsi, H. A. (2026). Adding Ujjayi Pranayama to osteopathic manipulative treatment on pulmonary functions and functional capacity in college students with upper cross syndrome. Retos, 75, 453-470. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v75.118225