The impact of mobile learning using the (Visual Eyes) application on learning some ball skills in rhythmic gymnastics for second-year students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v81.119570Keywords:
M-learning, Visualeyes, rhythmic gymnasticsAbstract
Objective: This study aimed to identify the impact of mobile learning using the Visual Eyes application on learning certain ball skills in rhythmic gymnastics, and secondly, to identify the differences between the experimental group (using mobile learning with the Visual Eyes application) and the control group (using the instructor's method).
Research methodology: The experimental method was used with a two-group design (control and experimental) for the research sample, which consisted of 52 second-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, selected purposively. Before implementing the mobile learning-based curriculum, the researchers ensured parity between the control and experimental groups in terms of their performance level of some basic ball skills in rhythmic gymnastics, in order to start from a common starting point. The curriculum consisted of 12 educational units, one unit per week, with units scheduled for holidays being made up to the following week.
Results: The results showed statistically significant differences favoring the post-test in all skills, with the p-value (Sig) reaching the 0.000 level, which is less than the significance level of 0.05 at 31 degrees of freedom. This is attributed to the improvement in the performance of the control group because of continued training and educational follow-up, which contributed to developing their skill performance level compared to the pre-test results.
Conclusions: The researchers concluded that the experimental group outperformed the control group in performing the skills under study after using artificial intelligence applications. The use of artificial intelligence applications positively affects skill learning in rhythmic gymnastics.
References
Al-Abd, F. (1986). Modern exercises, their difficulty, and methods of evaluation. Dar Al-Maaref Publishing.
Al-Hila, M. M. (2000). Instructional design: Theory and practice. Dar Al-Masira for Publishing and Distribution.
Ally, M. (2009). Mobile learning: Transforming the delivery of education and training. Athabasca University Press.
Cleophas, F. J. (2024). Roots, origins and development of rhythmic gymnastics: A historical insight. Science of Gymnastics Journal, 16(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.16.1.67-76
De Oliveira, F., Rios Monteiro, E., Dalmonte Malacarne, J. A., Pimentel de Oliveira, P. S., Ouvernek Belinger da Silva, B., Mendes de Oliveira, M. V., da Silva Araújo, G., & Gonçalves Corrêa Neto, V. (2026). Correlation between age, training volume, and sleep disturbances in children and adolescents practicing artistic gymnastics. Retos, 81, 47-53. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v81.119087
Ferawati, F., Syahruddin, S., Jamaluddin, J., Suarlin, S., & Ramadan, G. (2026). Multimedia-based 7E instructional model to enhance student engagement and floor-gymnastics skills in elementary Physical Education. Retos, 77, 56-69. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v77.118186
Hassoon, H. A., & Matar, S. A. (2021). The effect of blended learning on the performance of some ball skills in rhythmic gymnastics. Journal of Physical Education, 33(4). https://doi.org/10.37359/JOPE.V33(4)2021.1209
Kretschmann, R. (2017). Employing tablet technology for video feedback in physical education swimming class. Journal of E-Learning and Knowledge Society, 13(3), 103–115. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/180312
Kukulska‐Hulme, A. (2013). Mobile learning: The next generation. Routledge.
Matar, S. A., & Abdul Wahid, A. A. (2010). Foundations of teaching rhythmic gymnastics. National Library.
Morgan, N., Salem, E., Tarwneh, R., Abukhaizaran, O., Galant, A., & Abo-Baker, E. (2026). Relative contribution of physical fitness determinants to skill performance in trampoline gymnastics: a multivariate analysis. Retos, 79, 562-575. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v79.118804
Núñez Morales, V. E., Sandoval Cifuentes, Álvaro A., & Villarreal Ángeles, M. A. (2025). Correlational analysis of the dermatoglyphic profile and power in the women’s artistic gymnastics team from the Tolima Department, Colombia. Retos, 70, 870-881. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v70.109364
Potdevin, F., Vors, O., Huchez, A., & Lamour, M. (2018). The effects of video feedback on motor skill learning in physical education. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 802–809.
Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (2019). Motor learning and performance: From principles to application (6th ed.). Human Kinetics.
Shaalan, R. A., Aboode, M. A., & Radhi, M. N. (2022). The effect of qualitative exercises in developing motor compatibility and learning the skill of volleyball jump set. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte, 11, 5–5.
Shaker, A. S., Tuama, H. M., & Radhi, M. N. (2022). The effect of using e-learning technology in learning the skill of clean and jerk in students of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte, 11, 4–4.
Sigrist, R., Rauter, G., Riener, R., & Wolf, P. (2013). Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(1), 21–53. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0333-8
Traxler, J. (2007). Defining, discussing and evaluating mobile learning: The moving finger writes and having writ. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v8i2.346
Zhou, Y., Sun, H., & Wang, M. (2021). Effects of feedback on students’ motor skill learning in physical education: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126281
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Iman Abid Hasan, Tareq Nazar Majeed

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.