Investigação dos fatores biomecânicos que contribuem para a rotura do tendão de Aquiles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v79.118164Palavras-chave:
Contração excêntrica, fenómenos biomecânicos, força muscular, lesões nos tendões, lesões no tendão de Aquiles, reabilitaçãoResumo
Contexto: As roturas do tendão de Aquiles representam um problema músculo-esquelético significativo, especialmente entre atletas e indivíduos fisicamente ativos. A sua ocorrência é influenciada por diversos fatores biomecânicos que reduzem a resistência do tendão e aumentam a suscetibilidade a lesões.
Objectivo do estudo: Este estudo tem como objectivo analisar os principais factores biomecânicos intrínsecos e extrínsecos que contribuem para a rotura do tendão de Aquiles e esclarecer como a sua interacção leva à lesão.
Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática estruturada da literatura científica utilizando critérios de pesquisa, seleção e síntese predefinidos para identificar estudos sobre os determinantes biomecânicos da rotura do tendão de Aquiles.
Resultados: As evidências identificam fatores intrínsecos como alterações estruturais relacionadas com a idade, diferenças entre sexos, variações no arco plantar, desequilíbrios musculares e patologias tendinosas prévias. Os fatores extrínsecos incluem cargas de treino inadequadas, calçado inadequado, características da superfície e as exigências mecânicas do desporto. A rotura do tendão ocorre geralmente durante cargas excêntricas elevadas ou movimentos rápidos que excedem a capacidade do tendão.
Discussão: Os achados indicam que a rutura resulta da interação entre a vulnerabilidade intrínseca e o stress mecânico externo. O risco aumenta quando as cargas excedem a tolerância estrutural do tendão, salientando a importância de considerar tanto a suscetibilidade individual como as condições de carga.
Conclusão: A compreensão destes fatores biomecânicos inter-relacionados pode melhorar a identificação de riscos, orientar estratégias preventivas e otimizar a reabilitação para promover um regresso seguro à atividade física.
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