Psychometric evaluation of the Identity Status Scale within the framework of digital leisure: study on adolescent TikTok users
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v81.119066Keywords:
Adolescent, digital leisure, identity status, psychometrics, sedentary behaviorAbstract
Introduction: TikTok has become the primary digital entertainment platform among adolescents. However, existing identity status measurement instruments have not been specifically evaluated within the context of algorithmic digital recreation.
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Identity Status Scale among TikTok-using adolescents in Indonesia within the framework of digital recreation.
Methods: A quantitative study was conducted among 550 active TikTok users aged 15–19 years. Data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with the Maximum Likelihood method via JASP software. After removing three problematic items (IF4, IM4, and IM6), the four-factor model was evaluated for model fit, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability.
Results: The CFA results indicate good model fit (CFI = 0.957; TLI = 0.952; RMSEA = 0.054 [90% CI: 0.050–0.059]; SRMR = 0.041). All Composite Reliability (CR) values were > 0.70 and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values were > 0.50, thus meeting the criteria for convergent validity. Discriminant validity is met with HTMT values below 0.95 (highest = 0.948). High inter-factor correlations (0.693–0.95) reflect the dynamic nature of the identity process in the digital environment.
Conclusion: The Identity Status Scale demonstrates robust psychometric properties, offering a reliable tool for assessing identity development related to digital leisure habits. These findings assist psychologists, educators, and health practitioners in understanding adolescent identity dynamics and promoting a balanced lifestyle within the social media ecosystem.
References
Atiyah, H. S., & Lian, D. K. C. (2026). A multi-behavioral assessment of physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, and weight status among iraqi undergraduate students. Retos, 76, 680–693. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v76.118581
Ávalos-Ramos, M. A., Pascual-Galiano, M. T., Vidaci, A., & Vega-Ramírez, L. (2024). Future Intentions of Adolescents towards Physical Activity, Sports, and Leisure Practices. Healthcare, Vol. 12, p. 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010066
Avci, H., Baams, L., & Kretschmer, T. (2025). A Systematic Review of Social Media Use and Adolescent Identity Development. Adolescent Research Review, 10(2), 219–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-024-00251-1
Azzaakiyyah, H. K. (2023). The Impact of Social Media Use on Social Interaction in Contemporary Society. Technology and Society Perspectives (TACIT), 1(1 SE-Articles), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.61100/tacit.v1i1.33
Cai, Y. (2025). The Integration Communication Revolution of Short Video Platforms: Innovative Approaches and Business Practices of TikTok Marketing Strategies. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on E-Commerce and Modern Logistics. https://doi.org/10.5220/0013840400004719
Childs, C., & Holland, F. (2024). Young peoples’ lived experiences of shifts between face-to-face and smartphone interactions: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Youth Studies, 27(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2022.2101356
Corvetto-Castro, G., Ruíz, M. A. V., Mendoza, M. A. T., Huapaya, J. A. V., Lira, L. A. N., Montalvo, A. T. G., … De la Cruz Pérez, V. N. (2025). Influencia de la motivación de logro por aprender Educación Física y el sedentarismo fuera del horario escolar. Retos, 72, 239–250. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v72.115267
De Lise, F., Luyckx, K., & Crocetti, E. (2024). Identity Matters for Well-Being: The Longitudinal Associations Between Identity Processes and Well-Being in Adolescents with Different Cultural Backgrounds. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 53(4), 910–926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01901-8
Estrada-Araoz, E. G., Cruz-Laricano, E. O., Yana-Salluca, M., Arias-Jalire, M., Tello-Peralta, I. I., Cutipa-Luque, R., … Quispe-Aquise, J. (2025). Adicción a redes sociales y somnolencia diurna como predictores de la insatisfacción corporal en estudiantes universitarios peruanos: un estudio transversal. Retos, 68, 687–702. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v68.115392
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021a). An introduction to structural equation modeling. In Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: a workbook (pp. 1–29). Springer.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021b). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_4
Haug, E. (2025). Adolescents’ screen-based media use and the relationship with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sports club participation and active commuting. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 53(1_suppl), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948241293603
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Irtaza, D. S., & khan, S. (2026). The Impact of TikTok on Youth Decision-Making and Behavioral Patterns: A Study of Social Influence, Media Consumption, and Lifestyle Choices Among Young Users. Journal of Quranic and Social Studies, 6(1, Jan– April SE-ENGLISH ARTICLES), 100–111. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19599177
Kułaga, W. (n.d.). Era TikToka: rewolucja w cyfrowej komunikacji wizualnej i zaangażowaniu kreatywnym. Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej, 20(3 SE-Numer regularny), 212–235. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8069.20.3.10
Mahetaji, K., & Nieborg, D. B. (2024). TikTok as a Platform Tool: Surveying Disciplinary Perspectives on Platforms and Cultural Production BT - Creative Tools and the Softwarization of Cultural Production (F. Lesage & M. Terren, Eds.). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45693-0_2
Mann, R. B., & Blumberg, F. (2022). Adolescents and social media: The effects of frequency of use, self-presentation, social comparison, and self esteem on possible self imagery. Acta Psychologica, 228, 103629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103629
Marcia, J. E. (1993). The ego identity status approach to ego identity. In Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research (pp. 3–21). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8330-7
Mohammed, Z. I., Mohammed, Z. I., & Shaker, L. M. (2025). From Face-to-Face to Interface: A Critical Review of Human Relationships in the Digital Era. AUIQ Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.70176/3106-7557.1000
Moreno-Vitoria, L., Cabeza-Ruiz, R., Antón-González, L., & Pellicer-Chenoll, M. (2025). Factores que influyen en la tasa de abandono deportivo entre las adolescentes: un estudio sobre la autopercepción y la identidad deportiva. Retos, 70, 149-160. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v70.113145
Pérez-Torres, V. (2024). Social media: a digital social mirror for identity development during adolescence. Current Psychology, 43(26), 22170–22180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05980-z
Qin, Y., Musetti, A., & Omar, B. (2023). Flow Experience Is a Key Factor in the Likelihood of Adolescents’ Problematic TikTok Use: The Moderating Role of Active Parental Mediation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 20, p. 2089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032089
Reis, J., & Melão, N. (2023). Digital transformation: A meta-review and guidelines for future research. Heliyon, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12834
Saleh, M. B., Kuncahyo, B., Tiryana, T., & Puspaningsih, N. (2025). Model Development of the Forest Quality Assessment using Second-Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 13(2), 617–641. https://doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v13i2.1064
Sejati, A., Wahyuni, L. D., Gumelar, G., & Rakhman, F. (2025). From Global to Local : Comparative Validation of Quiet Quitting Scales in the Indonesian Workforce. 6(6), 5059–5070. https://doi.org/10.38035/dijemss.v6i6.4932
Singh, U. S., Singh, N., Gulati, K., Kumar Bhasin, N., Kumar, H., & Sreejith, P. M. (2022). A study on the revolution of consumer relationships as a combination of human interactions and digital transformations. Materials Today: Proceedings, 51, 460–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.578
Söğüt, Y., & Öngel, A. (2022). Examination of TikTok Application in the Axis of Uses and Gratifications Approach, User Experience and Entertainment Culture TT - TikTok Uygulamasının Kullanımlar ve Doyumlar Yaklaşımı, Kullanıcı Deneyimi ve Eğlence Kültürü Ekseninde İncelenmesi. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 9(2), 667–690. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1030922
Vermesan, O., & Bacquet, J. (2022). Cognitive hyperconnected digital transformation: Internet of things intelligence evolution. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003337584
Villodres, G. C., Campos-Pérez, L. M., Salvador-Pérez, F., Muros, J. J., & Vizcaíno-Cuenca, R. (2025). Relación entre el uso de redes sociales, hábitos saludables y factores psicológicos relacionados con la percepción de la imagen corporal en estudiantado universitario. Retos, 71, 316–332. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v71.114780
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Gusti Rahayu, Yeni Karneli, Netrawati Netrawati, Ade Herdian Putra; Salsabila Nasution
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and ensure the magazine the right to be the first publication of the work as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship of the work and the initial publication in this magazine.
- Authors can establish separate additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (eg, to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Is allowed and authors are encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (eg, in institutional repositories or on their own website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as to a subpoena more Early and more of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) (in English).
This journal provides immediate open access to its content (BOAI, http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess) on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. The authors may download the papers from the journal website, or will be provided with the PDF version of the article via e-mail.
