Efecto de la coactivación muscular sobre la economía de carrera en corredores de fondo entrenados

Cristopher Moya Jofré; Mikel Izquierdo Redín; Rodrigo Guzmán-Venegas

doi:10.47197/retos.v74.117355

Autores/as

Cristopher Moya Jofré 1 Departamento de ciencias de la salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, (España). 2 Laboratorio Integrativo de Biomecánica y Fisiología del Esfuerzo, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago (Chile). 3 Servicio de Rehabilitación, laboratorio de Biomecánica. Hospital del trabajador, Santiago (Chile).
Mikel Izquierdo Redín Departamento de ciencias de la salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, (España https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1506-4272
Rodrigo Guzmán-Venegas Universidad de los Andes. Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-4867

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v74.117355

Palabras clave:

biomecánica, coactivación muscular, Electromiografía, economía de carrera, Carrera

Resumen

Introducción: La coactivación muscular es un factor determinante en la economía de carrera.

Objetivos: El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre la coactivación muscular y la economía de carrera en corredores de fondo.

Métodos: Doce corredores entrenados (32.1 ± 4.7 años), realizaron dos carreras a velocidades de 12 km/h y 20 km/h, con una duración de 5 minutos cada una. Durante las pruebas se registraron datos de intercambio gaseoso y actividad electromiográfica de los músculos de la extremidad inferior. Se calcularon índices de coactivación entre los siguientes músculos: recto femoral/bíceps femoral; recto femoral/gastrocnemio; recto femoral/glúteo medio; tibial anterior/gastrocnemio y tibial anterior/peroneo lateral. Estos se evaluaron en los últimos 100 ms de la fase de oscilación y los primeros 50 ms de la fase inicial de apoyo. Las asociaciones entre las variables se analizaron mediante la correlación de Spearman. Las correlaciones significativas fueron aquellas asociadas con valor p<0.05.

Resultados: Se observó una correlación significativa e inversa en la fase de apoyo entre la coactivación recto femoral/gastrocnemio y el gasto energético (r = –0.599, p = 0.043). Del mismo modo, se observó una correlación significativa e inversa entre el peak de activación del bíceps femoral y la demanda energética (r = –0.629, p = 0.031). Ambas correlaciones fueron a los 20 km/h.

Conclusión: la coactivación y la activación peak de músculos biarticulares (recto femoral, gastrocnemio y bíceps femoral) se asoció con menor gasto energético. Estos hallazgos podrían representar una estrategia neuromecanica que favorece la transferencia de energía entre las articulaciones de la extremidad inferior, mejorando con ello la economía de carrera en fondistas entrenados.

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Efecto de la coactivación muscular sobre la economía de carrera en corredores de fondo entrenados

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